Automatically Adapting User Interfaces For Hands-Free Interaction

ABSTRACT

A user interface for a system such as a virtual assistant is automatically adapted for hands-free use. A hands-free context is detected via automatic or manual means, and the system adapts various stages of a complex interactive system to modify the user experience to reflect the particular limitations of such a context. The system of the present invention thus allows for a single implementation of a complex system such as a virtual assistant to dynamically offer user interface elements and alter user interface behavior to allow hands-free use without compromising the user experience of the same system for hands-on use.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority as a continuation-in-part of U.S.Utility application Ser. No. 12/987,982, entitled “Intelligent AutomatedAssistant”, attorney docket number P10575US1, filed Jan. 10, 2011, theentire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/987,982 claims priority from U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/295,774, entitled“Intelligent Automated Assistant”, attorney docket number SIRIP003P,filed Jan. 18, 2010, the entire disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

This application further claims priority from U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 61/493,201, entitled “Generating and ProcessingData Items That Represent Tasks to Perform”, attorney docket numberP11337P1, filed Jun. 3, 2011, the entire disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference.

This application is related to U.S. Utility application Ser. No.12/479,477, entitled “Contextual Voice Commands”, attorney docket numberP7393US1, filed Jun. 5, 2009, the entire disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference.

This application is related to U.S. Utility application Ser. No. ______,entitled “Using Context Information to Facilitate Processing of Commandsin a Virtual Assistant”, attorney docket number P11353US1, filed on thesame date as the present application, the entire disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference.

This application is related to U.S. Utility application Ser. No. ______,entitled “Generating and Processing Task Items that Represent Tasks toPerform”, attorney docket number P11337US1, filed on the same date asthe present application, the entire disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to multimodal user interfaces, and morespecifically to user interfaces that include both voice-based and visualmodalities.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many existing operating systems and devices use voice input as amodality by which the user can control operation. One example is voicecommand systems, which map specific verbal commands to operations, forexample to initiate dialing of a telephone number by speaking theperson's name. Another example is Interactive Voice Response (IVR)systems, which allow people to access static information over thetelephone, such as automated telephone service desks.

Many voice command and IVR systems are relatively narrow in scope andcan only handle a predefined set of voice commands. In addition, theiroutput is often drawn from a fixed set of responses.

An intelligent automated assistant, also referred to herein as a virtualassistant, is able to provide an improved interface between human andcomputer, including the processing of natural language input. Such anassistant, which may be implemented as described in related U.S. Utilityapplication Ser. No. 12/987,982 for “Intelligent Automated Assistant”,attorney docket number P10575US1, filed Jan. 10, 2011, the entiredisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, allows users tointeract with a device or system using natural language, in spokenand/or text forms. Such an assistant interprets user inputs,operationalizes the user's intent into tasks and parameters to thosetasks, executes services to support those tasks, and produces outputthat is intelligible to the user.

Virtual assistants are capable of using general speech and naturallanguage understanding technology to recognize a greater range of input,enabling generation of a dialog with the user. Some virtual assistantscan generate output in a combination of modes, including verbalresponses and written text, and can also provide a graphical userinterface (GUI) that permits direct manipulation of on-screen elements.However, the user may not always be in a situation where he or she cantake advantage of such visual output or direct manipulation interfaces.For example, the user may be driving or operating machinery, or may havea sight disability, or may simply be uncomfortable or unfamiliar withthe visual interface.

Any situation in which a user has limited or no ability to read a screenor interact with a device via contact (including using a keyboard,mouse, touch screen, pointing device, and the like) is referred toherein as a “hands-free context”. For example, in situations where theuser is attempting to operate a device while driving, as mentionedabove, the user can hear audible output and respond using their voice,but for safety reasons should not read fine print, tap on menus, orenter text.

Hands-free contexts present special challenges to the builders ofcomplex systems such as virtual assistants. Users demand full access tofeatures of devices whether or not they are in a hands-free context.However, failure to account for particular limitations inherent inhands-free operation can result in situations that limit both theutility and the usability of a device or system, and can even compromisesafety by causing a user to be distracted from a primary task such asoperating a vehicle.

SUMMARY

According to various embodiments of the present invention, a userinterface for a system such as a virtual assistant is automaticallyadapted for hands-free use. A hands-free context is detected viaautomatic or manual means, and the system adapts various stages of acomplex interactive system to modify the user experience to reflect theparticular limitations of such a context. The system of the presentinvention thus allows for a single implementation of a virtual assistantor other complex system to dynamically offer user interface elements andto alter user interface behavior to allow hands-free use withoutcompromising the user experience of the same system for hands-on use.

For example, in various embodiments, the system of the present inventionprovides mechanisms for adjusting the operation of a virtual assistantso that it provides output in a manner that allows users to completetheir tasks without having to read details on a screen. Furthermore, invarious embodiments, the virtual assistant can provide mechanisms forreceiving spoken input as an alternative to reading, tapping, clicking,typing, or performing other functions often achieved using a graphicaluser interface.

In various embodiments, the system of the present invention providesunderlying functionality that is identical to (or that approximates)that of a conventional graphical user interface, while allowing for theparticular requirements and limitations associated with a hands-freecontext. More generally, the system of the present invention allows corefunctionality to remain substantially the same, while facilitatingoperation in a hands-free context. In some embodiments, systems builtaccording to the techniques of the present invention allow users tofreely choose between hands-free mode and conventional (“hands-on”)mode, in some cases within a single session. For example, the sameinterface can be made adaptable to both an office environment and amoving vehicle, with the system dynamically making the necessary changesto user interface behavior as the environment changes.

According to various embodiments of the present invention, any of anumber of mechanisms can be implemented for adapting operation of avirtual assistant to a hands-free context. In various embodiments, thevirtual assistant is an intelligent automated assistant as described inU.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/987,982 for “Intelligent AutomatedAssistant”, attorney docket number P10575US1, filed Jan. 10, 2011, theentire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Such anassistant engages with the user in an integrated, conversational mannerusing natural language dialog, and invokes external services whenappropriate to obtain information or perform various actions.

According to various embodiments of the present invention, a virtualassistant may be configured, designed, and/or operable to detect ahands-free context and to adjust its operation accordingly in performingvarious different types of operations, functionalities, and/or features,and/or to combine a plurality of features, operations, and applicationsof an electronic device on which it is installed. In some embodiments, avirtual assistant of the present invention can detect a hands-freecontext and adjust its operation accordingly when receiving input,providing output, engaging in dialog with the user, and/or performing(or initiating) actions based on discerned intent.

Actions can be performed, for example, by activating and/or interfacingwith any applications or services that may be available on an electronicdevice, as well as services that are available over an electronicnetwork such as the Internet. In various embodiments, such activation ofexternal services can be performed via application programminginterfaces (APIs) or by any other suitable mechanism(s). In this manner,a virtual assistant implemented according to various embodiments of thepresent invention can provide a hands-free usage environment for manydifferent applications and functions of an electronic device, and withrespect to services that may be available over the Internet. Asdescribed in the above-referenced related application, the use of such avirtual assistant can relieve the user of the burden of learning whatfunctionality may be available on the device and on web-connectedservices, how to interface with such services to get what he or shewants, and how to interpret the output received from such services;rather, the assistant of the present invention can act as a go-betweenbetween the user and such diverse services.

In addition, in various embodiments, the virtual assistant of thepresent invention provides a conversational interface that the user mayfind more intuitive and less burdensome than conventional graphical userinterfaces. The user can engage in a form of conversational dialog withthe assistant using any of a number of available input and outputmechanisms, depending in part on whether a hands-free or hands-oncontext is active. Examples of such input and output mechanisms include,without limitation, speech, graphical user interfaces (buttons andlinks), text entry, and the like. The system can be implemented usingany of a number of different platforms, such as device APIs, the web,email, and the like, or any combination thereof. Requests for additionalinput can be presented to the user in the context of a conversationpresented in an auditory and/or visual manner. Short and long termmemory can be engaged so that user input can be interpreted in propercontext given previous events and communications within a given session,as well as historical and profile information about the user.

In various embodiments, the virtual assistant of the present inventioncan control various features and operations of an electronic device. Forexample, the virtual assistant can call services that interface withfunctionality and applications on a device via APIs or by other means,to perform functions and operations that might otherwise be initiatedusing a conventional user interface on the device. Such functions andoperations may include, for example, setting an alarm, making atelephone call, sending a text message or email message, adding acalendar event, and the like. Such functions and operations may beperformed as add-on functions in the context of a conversational dialogbetween a user and the assistant. Such functions and operations can bespecified by the user in the context of such a dialog, or they may beautomatically performed based on the context of the dialog. One skilledin the art will recognize that the assistant can thereby be used as amechanism for initiating and controlling various operations on theelectronic device. By collecting contextual evidence that contributes toinferences about the user's current situation, and by adjustingoperation of the user interface accordingly, the system of the presentinvention is able to present mechanisms for enabling hands-freeoperation of a virtual assistant to implement such a mechanism forcontrolling the device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings illustrate several embodiments of theinvention and, together with the description, serve to explain theprinciples of the invention according to the embodiments. One skilled inthe art will recognize that the particular embodiments illustrated inthe drawings are merely exemplary, and are not intended to limit thescope of the present invention.

FIG. 1 is a screen shot illustrating an example of a hands-on interfacefor reading a text message, according to the prior art.

FIG. 2 is a screen shot illustrating an example of an interface forresponding to a text message.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are a sequence of screen shots illustrating an examplewherein a voice dictation interface is used to reply to a text message.

FIG. 4 is a screen shot illustrating an example of an interface forreceiving a text message, according to one embodiment.

FIGS. 5A through 5D are a series of screen shots illustrating an exampleof operation of a multimodal virtual assistant according to anembodiment of the present invention, wherein the user receives andreplies to a text message in a hands-free context.

FIGS. 6A through 6C are a series of screen shots illustrating an exampleof operation of a multimodal virtual assistant according to anembodiment of the present invention, wherein the user revises a textmessage in a hands-free context.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram depicting a method of operation of a virtualassistant that supports dynamic detection of and adaptation to ahands-free context, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram depicting an example of a virtual assistantsystem according to one embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram depicting a computing device suitable forimplementing at least a portion of a virtual assistant according to atleast one embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram depicting an architecture for implementing atleast a portion of a virtual assistant on a standalone computing system,according to at least one embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram depicting an architecture for implementing atleast a portion of a virtual assistant on a distributed computingnetwork, according to at least one embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram depicting a system architecture illustratingseveral different types of clients and modes of operation.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram depicting a client and a server, whichcommunicate with each other to implement the present invention accordingto one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

According to various embodiments of the present invention, a hands-freecontext is detected in connection with operations of a virtualassistant, and the user interface of the virtual assistant is adjustedaccordingly, so as to enable the user to interact with the assistantmeaningfully in the hands-free context.

For purposes of the description, the term “virtual assistant” isequivalent to the term “intelligent automated assistant”, both referringto any information processing system that performs one or more of thefunctions of:

-   -   interpreting human language input, in spoken and/or text form;    -   operationalizing a representation of user intent into a form        that can be executed, such as a representation of a task with        steps and/or parameters;    -   executing task representations, by invoking programs, methods,        services, APIs, or the like; and    -   generating output responses to the user in language and/or        graphical form.

An example of such a virtual assistant is described in related U.S.Utility application Ser. No. 12/987,982 for “Intelligent AutomatedAssistant”, attorney docket number P10575US1, filed Jan. 10, 2011, theentire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Various techniques will now be described in detail with reference toexample embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In thefollowing description, numerous specific details are set forth in orderto provide a thorough understanding of one or more aspects and/orfeatures described or reference herein. It will be apparent, however, toone skilled in the art, that one or more aspects and/or featuresdescribed or reference herein may be practiced without some or all ofthese specific details. In other instances, well known process stepsand/or structures have not been described in detail in order to notobscure some of the aspects and/or features described or referenceherein.

One or more different inventions may be described in the presentapplication. Further, for one or more of the invention(s) describedherein, numerous embodiments may be described in this patentapplication, and are presented for illustrative purposes only. Thedescribed embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any sense. Oneor more of the invention(s) may be widely applicable to numerousembodiments, as is readily apparent from the disclosure. Theseembodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilledin the art to practice one or more of the invention(s), and it is to beunderstood that other embodiments may be utilized and that structural,logical, software, electrical and other changes may be made withoutdeparting from the scope of the one or more of the invention(s).Accordingly, those skilled in the art will recognize that the one ormore of the invention(s) may be practiced with various modifications andalterations. Particular features of one or more of the invention(s) maybe described with reference to one or more particular embodiments orfigures that form a part of the present disclosure, and in which areshown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments of one or more ofthe invention(s). It should be understood, however, that such featuresare not limited to usage in the one or more particular embodiments orfigures with reference to which they are described. The presentdisclosure is neither a literal description of all embodiments of one ormore of the invention(s) nor a listing of features of one or more of theinvention(s) that must be present in all embodiments.

Headings of sections provided in this patent application and the titleof this patent application are for convenience only, and are not to betaken as limiting the disclosure in any way.

Devices that are in communication with each other need not be incontinuous communication with each other, unless expressly specifiedotherwise. In addition, devices that are in communication with eachother may communicate directly or indirectly through one or moreintermediaries.

A description of an embodiment with several components in communicationwith each other does not imply that all such components are required. Tothe contrary, a variety of optional components are described toillustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of one or more ofthe invention(s).

Further, although process steps, method steps, algorithms or the likemay be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods andalgorithms may be configured to work in any suitable order. In otherwords, any sequence or order of steps that may be described in thispatent application does not, in and of itself, indicate a requirementthat the steps be performed in that order. Further, some steps may beperformed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurringnon-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the otherstep). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in adrawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive ofother variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that theillustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to one or more ofthe invention(s), and does not imply that the illustrated process ispreferred.

When a single device or article is described, it will be readilyapparent that more than one device/article (whether or not theycooperate) may be used in place of a single device/article. Similarly,where more than one device or article is described (whether or not theycooperate), it will be readily apparent that a single device/article maybe used in place of the more than one device or article.

The functionality and/or the features of a device may be alternativelyembodied by one or more other devices that are not explicitly describedas having such functionality/features. Thus, other embodiments of one ormore of the invention(s) need not include the device itself.

Techniques and mechanisms described or reference herein will sometimesbe described in singular form for clarity. However, it should be notedthat particular embodiments include multiple iterations of a techniqueor multiple instantiations of a mechanism unless noted otherwise.

Although described within the context of technology for implementing anintelligent automated assistant, also known as a virtual assistant, itmay be understood that the various aspects and techniques describedherein may also be deployed and/or applied in other fields of technologyinvolving human and/or computerized interaction with software.

Other aspects relating to virtual assistant technology (e.g., which maybe utilized by, provided by, and/or implemented at one or more virtualassistant system embodiments described herein) are disclosed in one ormore of the following, the entire disclosures which are incorporatedherein by reference:

-   -   U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/987,982 for “Intelligent        Automated Assistant”, attorney docket number P10575US1, filed        Jan. 10, 2011;    -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/295,774 for        “Intelligent Automated Assistant”, attorney docket number        SIRIP003P, filed Jan. 18, 2010;    -   U.S. Utility application Ser. No. ______, entitled “Using        Context Information to Facilitate Processing of Commands in a        Virtual Assistant”, attorney docket number P11353US1, filed on        the same day as the present application;    -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/518,292 for “Method And        Apparatus for Building an Intelligent Automated Assistant”,        filed Sep. 8, 2006;    -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/186,414 for        “System and Method for Semantic Auto-Completion”, filed Jun. 12,        2009.

Hardware Architecture

Generally, the virtual assistant techniques disclosed herein may beimplemented on hardware or a combination of software and hardware. Forexample, they may be implemented in an operating system kernel, in aseparate user process, in a library package bound into networkapplications, on a specially constructed machine, and/or on a networkinterface card. In a specific embodiment, the techniques disclosedherein may be implemented in software such as an operating system or inan application running on an operating system.

Software/hardware hybrid implementation(s) of at least some of thevirtual assistant embodiment(s) disclosed herein may be implemented on aprogrammable machine selectively activated or reconfigured by a computerprogram stored in memory. Such network devices may have multiple networkinterfaces which may be configured or designed to utilize differenttypes of network communication protocols. A general architecture forsome of these machines may appear from the descriptions disclosedherein. According to specific embodiments, at least some of the featuresand/or functionalities of the various virtual assistant embodimentsdisclosed herein may be implemented on one or more general-purposenetwork host machines such as an end-user computer system, computer,network server or server system, mobile computing device (e.g., personaldigital assistant, mobile phone, smartphone, laptop, tablet computer, orthe like), consumer electronic device, music player, or any othersuitable electronic device, router, switch, or the like, or anycombination thereof. In at least some embodiments, at least some of thefeatures and/or functionalities of the various virtual assistantembodiments disclosed herein may be implemented in one or morevirtualized computing environments (e.g., network computing clouds, orthe like).

Referring now to FIG. 9, there is shown a block diagram depicting acomputing device 60 suitable for implementing at least a portion of thevirtual assistant features and/or functionalities disclosed herein.Computing device 60 may be, for example, an end-user computer system,network server or server system, mobile computing device (e.g., personaldigital assistant, mobile phone, smartphone, laptop, tablet computer, orthe like), consumer electronic device, music player, or any othersuitable electronic device, or any combination or portion thereof.Computing device 60 may be adapted to communicate with other computingdevices, such as clients and/or servers, over a communications networksuch as the Internet, using known protocols for such communication,whether wireless or wired.

In one embodiment, computing device 60 includes central processing unit(CPU) 62, interfaces 68, and a bus 67 (such as a peripheral componentinterconnect (PCI) bus). When acting under the control of appropriatesoftware or firmware, CPU 62 may be responsible for implementingspecific functions associated with the functions of a specificallyconfigured computing device or machine. For example, in at least oneembodiment, a user's personal digital assistant (PDA) or smartphone maybe configured or designed to function as a virtual assistant systemutilizing CPU 62, memory 61, 65, and interface(s) 68. In at least oneembodiment, the CPU 62 may be caused to perform one or more of thedifferent types of virtual assistant functions and/or operations underthe control of software modules/components, which for example, mayinclude an operating system and any appropriate applications software,drivers, and the like.

CPU 62 may include one or more processor(s) 63 such as, for example, aprocessor from the Motorola or Intel family of microprocessors or theMIPS family of microprocessors. In some embodiments, processor(s) 63 mayinclude specially designed hardware (e.g., application-specificintegrated circuits (ASICs), electrically erasable programmableread-only memories (EEPROMs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs),and the like) for controlling the operations of computing device 60. Ina specific embodiment, a memory 61 (such as non-volatile random accessmemory (RAM) and/or read-only memory (ROM)) also forms part of CPU 62.However, there are many different ways in which memory may be coupled tothe system. Memory block 61 may be used for a variety of purposes suchas, for example, caching and/or storing data, programming instructions,and the like.

As used herein, the term “processor” is not limited merely to thoseintegrated circuits referred to in the art as a processor, but broadlyrefers to a microcontroller, a microcomputer, a programmable logiccontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit, and any otherprogrammable circuit.

In one embodiment, interfaces 68 are provided as interface cards(sometimes referred to as “line cards”). Generally, they control thesending and receiving of data packets over a computing network andsometimes support other peripherals used with computing device 60. Amongthe interfaces that may be provided are Ethernet interfaces, frame relayinterfaces, cable interfaces, DSL interfaces, token ring interfaces, andthe like. In addition, various types of interfaces may be provided suchas, for example, universal serial bus (USB), Serial, Ethernet, Firewire,PCI, parallel, radio frequency (RF), Bluetooth™, near-fieldcommunications (e.g., using near-field magnetics), 802.11 (WiFi), framerelay, TCP/IP, ISDN, fast Ethernet interfaces, Gigabit Ethernetinterfaces, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) interfaces, high-speedserial interface (HSSI) interfaces, Point of Sale (POS) interfaces,fiber data distributed interfaces (FDDIs), and the like. Generally, suchinterfaces 68 may include ports appropriate for communication with theappropriate media. In some cases, they may also include an independentprocessor and, in some instances, volatile and/or non-volatile memory(e.g., RAM).

Although the system shown in FIG. 9 illustrates one specificarchitecture for a computing device 60 for implementing the techniquesof the invention described herein, it is by no means the only devicearchitecture on which at least a portion of the features and techniquesdescribed herein may be implemented. For example, architectures havingone or any number of processors 63 can be used, and such processors 63can be present in a single device or distributed among any number ofdevices. In one embodiment, a single processor 63 handles communicationsas well as routing computations. In various embodiments, different typesof virtual assistant features and/or functionalities may be implementedin a virtual assistant system which includes a client device (such as apersonal digital assistant or smartphone running client software) andserver system(s) (such as a server system described in more detailbelow).

Regardless of network device configuration, the system of the presentinvention may employ one or more memories or memory modules (such as,for example, memory block 65) configured to store data, programinstructions for the general-purpose network operations and/or otherinformation relating to the functionality of the virtual assistanttechniques described herein. The program instructions may control theoperation of an operating system and/or one or more applications, forexample. The memory or memories may also be configured to store datastructures, keyword taxonomy information, advertisement information,user click and impression information, and/or other specific non-programinformation described herein.

Because such information and program instructions may be employed toimplement the systems/methods described herein, at least some networkdevice embodiments may include nontransitory machine-readable storagemedia, which, for example, may be configured or designed to storeprogram instructions, state information, and the like for performingvarious operations described herein. Examples of such nontransitorymachine-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, magneticmedia such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical mediasuch as CD-ROM disks; magneto-optical media such as floptical disks, andhardware devices that are specially configured to store and performprogram instructions, such as read-only memory devices (ROM), flashmemory, memristor memory, random access memory (RAM), and the like.Examples of program instructions include both machine code, such asproduced by a compiler, and files containing higher level code that maybe executed by the computer using an interpreter.

In one embodiment, the system of the present invention is implemented ona standalone computing system. Referring now to FIG. 10, there is showna block diagram depicting an architecture for implementing at least aportion of a virtual assistant on a standalone computing system,according to at least one embodiment. Computing device 60 includesprocessor(s) 63 which run software for implementing multimodal virtualassistant 1002. Input device 1206 can be of any type suitable forreceiving user input, including for example a keyboard, touchscreen,mouse, touchpad, trackball, five-way switch, joystick, and/or anycombination thereof. Device 60 can also include speech input device1211, such as for example a microphone. Output device 1207 can be ascreen, speaker, printer, and/or any combination thereof. Memory 1210can be random-access memory having a structure and architecture as areknown in the art, for use by processor(s) 63 in the course of runningsoftware. Storage device 1208 can be any magnetic, optical, and/orelectrical storage device for storage of data in digital form; examplesinclude flash memory, magnetic hard drive, CD-ROM, and/or the like.

In another embodiment, the system of the present invention isimplemented on a distributed computing network, such as one having anynumber of clients and/or servers. Referring now to FIG. 11, there isshown a block diagram depicting an architecture for implementing atleast a portion of a virtual assistant on a distributed computingnetwork, according to at least one embodiment.

In the arrangement shown in FIG. 11, any number of clients 1304 areprovided; each client 1304 may run software for implementing client-sideportions of the present invention. In addition, any number of servers1340 can be provided for handling requests received from clients 1304.Clients 1304 and servers 1340 can communicate with one another viaelectronic network 1361, such as the Internet. Network 1361 may beimplemented using any known network protocols, including for examplewired and/or wireless protocols.

In addition, in one embodiment, servers 1340 can call external services1360 when needed to obtain additional information or refer to store dataconcerning previous interactions with particular users. Communicationswith external services 1360 can take place, for example, via network1361. In various embodiments, external services 1360 include web-enabledservices and/or functionality related to or installed on the hardwaredevice itself. For example, in an embodiment where assistant 1002 isimplemented on a smartphone or other electronic device, assistant 1002can obtain information stored in a calendar application (“app”),contacts, and/or other sources.

In various embodiments, assistant 1002 can control many features andoperations of an electronic device on which it is installed. Forexample, assistant 1002 can call external services 1360 that interfacewith functionality and applications on a device via APIs or by othermeans, to perform functions and operations that might otherwise beinitiated using a conventional user interface on the device. Suchfunctions and operations may include, for example, setting an alarm,making a telephone call, sending a text message or email message, addinga calendar event, and the like. Such functions and operations may beperformed as add-on functions in the context of a conversational dialogbetween a user and assistant 1002. Such functions and operations can bespecified by the user in the context of such a dialog, or they may beautomatically performed based on the context of the dialog. One skilledin the art will recognize that assistant 1002 can thereby be used as acontrol mechanism for initiating and controlling various operations onthe electronic device, which may be used as an alternative toconventional mechanisms such as buttons or graphical user interfaces.

For example, the user may provide input to assistant 1002 such as “Ineed to wake tomorrow at 8 am”. Once assistant 1002 has determined theuser's intent, using the techniques described herein, assistant 1002 cancall external services 1340 to interface with an alarm clock function orapplication on the device. Assistant 1002 sets the alarm on behalf ofthe user. In this manner, the user can use assistant 1002 as areplacement for conventional mechanisms for setting the alarm orperforming other functions on the device. If the user's requests areambiguous or need further clarification, assistant 1002 can use thevarious techniques described herein, including active elicitation,paraphrasing, suggestions, and the like, and which may be adapted to ahands-free context, so that the correct services 1340 are called and theintended action taken. In one embodiment, assistant 1002 may prompt theuser for confirmation and/or request additional context information fromany suitable source before calling a service 1340 to perform a function.In one embodiment, a user can selectively disable assistant's 1002ability to call particular services 1340, or can disable all suchservice-calling if desired.

The system of the present invention can be implemented with any of anumber of different types of clients 1304 and modes of operation.Referring now to FIG. 12, there is shown a block diagram depicting asystem architecture illustrating several different types of clients 1304and modes of operation. One skilled in the art will recognize that thevarious types of clients 1304 and modes of operation shown in FIG. 12are merely exemplary, and that the system of the present invention canbe implemented using clients 1304 and/or modes of operation other thanthose depicted. Additionally, the system can include any or all of suchclients 1304 and/or modes of operation, alone or in any combination.Depicted examples include:

-   -   Computer devices with input/output devices and/or sensors 1402.        A client component may be deployed on any such computer device        1402. At least one embodiment may be implemented using a web        browser 1304A or other software application for enabling        communication with servers 1340 via network 1361. Input and        output channels may of any type, including for example visual        and/or auditory channels. For example, in one embodiment, the        system of the invention can be implemented using voice-based        communication methods, allowing for an embodiment of the        assistant for the blind whose equivalent of a web browser is        driven by speech and uses speech for output.    -   Mobile Devices with I/O and sensors 1406, for which the client        may be implemented as an application on the mobile device 1304B.        This includes, but is not limited to, mobile phones,        smartphones, personal digital assistants, tablet devices,        networked game consoles, and the like.    -   Consumer Appliances with I/O and sensors 1410, for which the        client may be implemented as an embedded application on the        appliance 1304C.    -   Automobiles and other vehicles with dashboard interfaces and        sensors 1414, for which the client may be implemented as an        embedded system application 1304D. This includes, but is not        limited to, car navigation systems, voice control systems,        in-car entertainment systems, and the like.    -   Networked computing devices such as routers 1418 or any other        device that resides on or interfaces with a network, for which        the client may be implemented as a device-resident application        1304E.    -   Email clients 1424, for which an embodiment of the assistant is        connected via an Email Modality Server 1426. Email Modality        server 1426 acts as a communication bridge, for example taking        input from the user as email messages sent to the assistant and        sending output from the assistant to the user as replies.    -   Instant messaging clients 1428, for which an embodiment of the        assistant is connected via a Messaging Modality Server 1430.        Messaging Modality server 1430 acts as a communication bridge,        taking input from the user as messages sent to the assistant and        sending output from the assistant to the user as messages in        reply.    -   Voice telephones 1432, for which an embodiment of the assistant        is connected via a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Modality        Server 1430. VoIP Modality server 1430 acts as a communication        bridge, taking input from the user as voice spoken to the        assistant and sending output from the assistant to the user, for        example as synthesized speech, in reply.

For messaging platforms including but not limited to email, instantmessaging, discussion forums, group chat sessions, live help or customersupport sessions and the like, assistant 1002 may act as a participantin the conversations. Assistant 1002 may monitor the conversation andreply to individuals or the group using one or more the techniques andmethods described herein for one-to-one interactions.

In various embodiments, functionality for implementing the techniques ofthe present invention can be distributed among any number of clientand/or server components. For example, various software modules can beimplemented for performing various functions in connection with thepresent invention, and such modules can be variously implemented to runon server and/or client components. Further details for such anarrangement are provided in related U.S. Utility application Ser. No.12/987,982 for “Intelligent Automated Assistant”, attorney docket numberP10575US1, filed Jan. 10, 2011, the entire disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference.

In the example of FIG. 13, input elicitation functionality and outputprocessing functionality are distributed among client 1304 and server1340, with client part of input elicitation 2794 a and client part ofoutput processing 2792 a located at client 1304, and server part ofinput elicitation 2794 b and server part of output processing 2792 blocated at server 1340. The following components are located at server1340:

-   -   complete vocabulary 2758 b;    -   complete library of language pattern recognizers 2760 b;    -   master version of short term personal memory 2752 b;    -   master version of long term personal memory 2754 b.

In one embodiment, client 1304 maintains subsets and/or portions ofthese components locally, to improve responsiveness and reducedependence on network communications. Such subsets and/or portions canbe maintained and updated according to well known cache managementtechniques. Such subsets and/or portions include, for example:

subset of vocabulary 2758 a;

subset of library of language pattern recognizers 2760 a;

cache of short term personal memory 2752 a;

cache of long term personal memory 2754 a.

Additional components may be implemented as part of server 1340,including for example:

language interpreter 2770;

dialog flow processor 2780;

output processor 2790;

domain entity databases 2772;

task flow models 2786;

services orchestration 2782;

service capability models 2788.

Server 1340 obtains additional information by interfacing with externalservices 1360 when needed.

Conceptual Architecture

Referring now to FIG. 8, there is shown a simplified block diagram of aspecific example embodiment of multimodal virtual assistant 1002. Asdescribed in greater detail in related U.S. utility applicationsreferenced above, different embodiments of multimodal virtual assistant1002 may be configured, designed, and/or operable to provide variousdifferent types of operations, functionalities, and/or featuresgenerally relating to virtual assistant technology. Further, asdescribed in greater detail herein, many of the various operations,functionalities, and/or features of multimodal virtual assistant 1002disclosed herein may enable provide different types of advantages and/orbenefits to different entities interacting with multimodal virtualassistant 1002. The embodiment shown in FIG. 8 may be implemented usingany of the hardware architectures described above, or using a differenttype of hardware architecture.

For example, according to different embodiments, multimodal virtualassistant 1002 may be configured, designed, and/or operable to providevarious different types of operations, functionalities, and/or features,such as, for example, one or more of the following (or combinationsthereof):

-   -   automate the application of data and services available over the        Internet to discover, find, choose among, purchase, reserve, or        order products and services. In addition to automating the        process of using these data and services, multimodal virtual        assistant 1002 may also enable the combined use of several        sources of data and services at once. For example, it may        combine information about products from several review sites,        check prices and availability from multiple distributors, and        check their locations and time constraints, and help a user find        a personalized solution to their problem.    -   automate the use of data and services available over the        Internet to discover, investigate, select among, reserve, and        otherwise learn about things to do (including but not limited to        movies, events, performances, exhibits, shows and attractions);        places to go (including but not limited to travel destinations,        hotels and other places to stay, landmarks and other sites of        interest, and the like); places to eat or drink (such as        restaurants and bars), times and places to meet others, and any        other source of entertainment or social interaction that may be        found on the Internet.    -   enable the operation of applications and services via natural        language dialog that are otherwise provided by dedicated        applications with graphical user interfaces including search        (including location-based search); navigation (maps and        directions); database lookup (such as finding businesses or        people by name or other properties); getting weather conditions        and forecasts, checking the price of market items or status of        financial transactions; monitoring traffic or the status of        flights; accessing and updating calendars and schedules;        managing reminders, alerts, tasks and projects; communicating        over email or other messaging platforms; and operating devices        locally or remotely (e.g., dialing telephones, controlling light        and temperature, controlling home security devices, playing        music or video, and the like). In one embodiment, multimodal        virtual assistant 1002 can be used to initiate, operate, and        control many functions and apps available on the device.    -   offer personal recommendations for activities, products,        services, source of entertainment, time management, or any other        kind of recommendation service that benefits from an interactive        dialog in natural language and automated access to data and        services.

According to different embodiments, at least a portion of the varioustypes of functions, operations, actions, and/or other features providedby multimodal virtual assistant 1002 may be implemented at one or moreclient systems(s), at one or more server system(s), and/or combinationsthereof.

According to different embodiments, at least a portion of the varioustypes of functions, operations, actions, and/or other features providedby multimodal virtual assistant 1002 may use contextual information ininterpreting and operationalizing user input, as described in moredetail herein.

For example, in at least one embodiment, multimodal virtual assistant1002 may be operable to utilize and/or generate various different typesof data and/or other types of information when performing specific tasksand/or operations. This may include, for example, input data/informationand/or output data/information. For example, in at least one embodiment,multimodal virtual assistant 1002 may be operable to access, process,and/or otherwise utilize information from one or more different types ofsources, such as, for example, one or more local and/or remote memories,devices and/or systems. Additionally, in at least one embodiment,multimodal virtual assistant 1002 may be operable to generate one ormore different types of output data/information, which, for example, maybe stored in memory of one or more local and/or remote devices and/orsystems.

Examples of different types of input data/information which may beaccessed and/or utilized by multimodal virtual assistant 1002 mayinclude, but are not limited to, one or more of the following (orcombinations thereof):

-   -   Voice input: from mobile devices such as mobile telephones and        tablets, computers with microphones, Bluetooth headsets,        automobile voice control systems, over the telephone system,        recordings on answering services, audio voicemail on integrated        messaging services, consumer applications with voice input such        as clock radios, telephone station, home entertainment control        systems, and game consoles.    -   Text input from keyboards on computers or mobile devices,        keypads on remote controls or other consumer electronics        devices, email messages sent to the assistant, instant messages        or similar short messages sent to the assistant, text received        from players in multiuser game environments, and text streamed        in message feeds.    -   Location information coming from sensors or location-based        systems. Examples include Global Positioning System (GPS) and        Assisted GPS (A-GPS) on mobile phones. In one embodiment,        location information is combined with explicit user input. In        one embodiment, the system of the present invention is able to        detect when a user is at home, based on known address        information and current location determination. In this manner,        certain inferences may be made about the type of information the        user might be interested in when at home as opposed to outside        the home, as well as the type of services and actions that        should be invoked on behalf of the user depending on whether or        not he or she is at home.    -   Time information from clocks on client devices. This may        include, for example, time from telephones or other client        devices indicating the local time and time zone. In addition,        time may be used in the context of user requests, such as for        instance, to interpret phrases such as “in an hour” and        “tonight”.    -   Compass, accelerometer, gyroscope, and/or travel velocity data,        as well as other sensor data from mobile or handheld devices or        embedded systems such as automobile control systems. This may        also include device positioning data from remote controls to        appliances and game consoles.    -   Clicking and menu selection and other events from a graphical        user interface (GUI) on any device having a GUI. Further        examples include touches to a touch screen.    -   Events from sensors and other data-driven triggers, such as        alarm clocks, calendar alerts, price change triggers, location        triggers, push notification onto a device from servers, and the        like.

The input to the embodiments described herein also includes the contextof the user interaction history, including dialog and request history.

As described in the related U.S. utility applications referenced above,many different types of output data/information may be generated bymultimodal virtual assistant 1002. These may include, but are notlimited to, one or more of the following (or combinations thereof):

-   -   Text output sent directly to an output device and/or to the user        interface of a device;    -   Text and graphics sent to a user over email;    -   Text and graphics send to a user over a messaging service;    -   Speech output, which may include one or more of the following        (or combinations thereof):        -   Synthesized speech;        -   Sampled speech;        -   Recorded messages;    -   Graphical layout of information with photos, rich text, videos,        sounds, and hyperlinks (for instance, the content rendered in a        web browser);    -   Actuator output to control physical actions on a device, such as        causing it to turn on or off, make a sound, change color,        vibrate, control a light, or the like;    -   Invoking other applications on a device, such as calling a        mapping application, voice dialing a telephone, sending an email        or instant message, playing media, making entries in calendars,        task managers, and note applications, and other applications;    -   Actuator output to control physical actions to devices attached        or controlled by a device, such as operating a remote camera,        controlling a wheelchair, playing music on remote speakers,        playing videos on remote displays, and the like.

It may be appreciated that the multimodal virtual assistant 1002 of FIG.8 is but one example from a wide range of virtual assistant systemembodiments which may be implemented. Other embodiments of the virtualassistant system (not shown) may include additional, fewer and/ordifferent components/features than those illustrated, for example, inthe example virtual assistant system embodiment of FIG. 8.

Multimodal virtual assistant 1002 may include a plurality of differenttypes of components, devices, modules, processes, systems, and the like,which, for example, may be implemented and/or instantiated via the useof hardware and/or combinations of hardware and software. For example,as illustrated in the example embodiment of FIG. 8, assistant 1002 mayinclude one or more of the following types of systems, components,devices, processes, and the like (or combinations thereof):

-   -   One or more active ontologies 1050;    -   Active input elicitation component(s) 2794 (may include client        part 2794 a and server part 2794 b);    -   Short term personal memory component(s) 2752 (may include master        version 2752 b and cache 2752 a);    -   Long-term personal memory component(s) 2754 (may include master        version 2754 b and cache 2754 a);    -   Domain models component(s) 2756;    -   Vocabulary component(s) 2758 (may include complete vocabulary        2758 b and subset 2758 a);    -   Language pattern recognizer(s) component(s) 2760 (may include        full library 2760 b and subset 2760 a);    -   Language interpreter component(s) 2770;    -   Domain entity database(s) 2772;    -   Dialog flow processor component(s) 2780;    -   Services orchestration component(s) 2782;    -   Services component(s) 2784;    -   Task flow models component(s) 2786;    -   Dialog flow models component(s) 2787;    -   Service models component(s) 2788;    -   Output processor component(s) 2790.

In certain client/server-based embodiments, some or all of thesecomponents may be distributed between client 1304 and server 1340. Suchcomponents are further described in the related U.S. utilityapplications referenced above.

In one embodiment, virtual assistant 1002 receives user input 2704 viaany suitable input modality, including for example touchscreen input,keyboard input, spoken input, and/or any combination thereof. In oneembodiment, assistant 1002 also receives context information 1000, whichmay include event context, application context, personal acousticcontext, and/or other forms of context, as described in related U.S.Utility application Ser. No. ______, entitled “Using Context Informationto Facilitate Processing of Commands in a Virtual Assistant”, attorneydocket number P11353US1, filed on the same date as the presentapplication, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference. Context information 1000 also includes a hands-free context,if applicable, which can be used to adapt the user interface accordingto techniques described herein.

Upon processing user input 2704 and context information 1000 accordingto the techniques described herein, virtual assistant 1002 generatesoutput 2708 for presentation to the user. Output 2708 can be generatedaccording to any suitable output modality, which may be informed by thehands-free context as well as other factors, if appropriate. Examples ofoutput modalities include visual output as presented on a screen,auditory output (which may include spoken output and/or beeps and othersounds), haptic output (such as vibration), and/or any combinationthereof.

Additional details concerning the operation of the various componentsdepicted in FIG. 8 are provided in related U.S. Utility application Ser.No. 12/987,982 for “Intelligent Automated Assistant”, attorney docketnumber P10575US1, filed Jan. 10, 2011, the entire disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference.

Adapting User Interfaces to a Hands-Free Context

For illustrative purposes, the invention is described herein by way ofexample. However, one skilled in the art will recognize that theparticular input and output mechanisms depicted in the examples aremerely intended to illustrate one possible interaction between the userand assistant 1002, and are not intended to limit the scope of theinvention as claimed. Furthermore, in alternative embodiments, theinvention can be implemented in a device without necessarily involving amultimodal virtual assistant 1002; rather, the functionality of theinvention can be implemented directly in an operating system orapplication running on any suitable device, without departing from theessential characteristics of the invention as solely defined in theclaims.

Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a screen shot illustrating anexample of a conventional hands-on interface 169 for reading a textmessage, according to the prior art. A graphical user interface (GUI) asshown in FIG. 1 generally requires the user to be able to read finedetails, such as the message text shown in bubble 171, and respond bytyping in text field 172 and tapping send button 173. In many devices,such actions require looking at and touching the screen, and aretherefore impractical to perform in certain contexts, referred to hereinas hands-free contexts.

Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a screen shot illustrating anexample of an interface 170 for responding to text message 171. Virtualkeyboard 270 is presented in response to the user tapping in text field172, permitting text to be entered in text field 172 by tapping on areasof the screen corresponding to keys. The user taps on send button 173when the text message has been entered. If the user wishes to enter textby speaking, he or she taps on speech button 271, which invokes a voicedictation interface for receiving spoken input and converting it intotext. Thus, button 271 provides a mechanism by which the user canindicate that he or she is in a hands-free context.

Referring now to FIGS. 3A and 3B, there is shown a sequence of screenshots illustrating an example of an interface 175 wherein a voicedictation interface is used to reply to text message 171. Screen 370 ispresented, for example, after user taps on speech button 271. Microphoneicon 372 indicates that the device is ready to accept spoken input. Theuser inputs speech, which is received via speech input device 1211,which may be a microphone or similar device. The user taps on Donebutton 371 to indicate that he or she has finished entering spokeninput.

The spoken input is converted to text, using any well knownspeech-to-text algorithm or system. Speech-to-text functionality canreside on device 60 or on a server. In one embodiment, speech-to-textfunctionality is implemented using, for example, Nuance Recognizer,available from Nuance Communications, Inc. of Burlington, Mass.

As shown in FIG. 3B, the results of the conversion can be shown in field172. Keyboard 270 can be presented, to allow the user to edit thegenerated text in field 172. When the user is satisfied with the enteredtext, he or she taps on Send button 173 to cause the text message to besent.

In the example described in connection with FIGS. 2, 3A, and 3B, severaloperations require the user to look at the display screen and/or providetouch input. Such operations include:

-   -   reading text message 171 on the display screen;    -   touching button 271 to enter speech input mode;    -   touching Done button 371 to indicate that speech input is        finished;    -   viewing the converted text generated from the user's spoken        input;    -   touching Send button 173 to send the message.

In one embodiment of the present invention, mechanisms for accepting andprocessing speech input are integrated into device 60 in a manner thatreduces the need for a user to interact with a display screen and/or touse a touch interface when in a hands-free context. Accordingly, thesystem of the present invention is thus able to provide an improved userinterface for interaction in a hands-free context.

Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5A through 5D, there is shown a series ofscreen shots illustrating an example of an interface for receiving andreplying to a text message, according to one embodiment wherein ahands-free context is recognized; thus, in this example, the need forthe user to interact with the screen is reduced, in accordance with thetechniques of the present invention.

In FIG. 4, screen 470 depicts text message 471 which is received whiledevice 60 is in a locked mode. The user can activate slider 472 to replyto or otherwise interact with message 471 according to known techniques.However, in this example, device 60 may be out of sight and/or out ofreach, or the user may be unable to interact with device 60, forexample, if he or she is driving or engaged in some other activity. Asdescribed herein, multimodal virtual assistant 1002 providesfunctionality for receiving and replying to text message 471 in such ahands-free context.

In one embodiment, virtual assistant 1002 installed on device 60automatically detects the hands-free context. Such detection may takeplace by any means of determining a scenario or situation where it maybe difficult or impossible for the user to interact with the screen ofdevice 60 or to properly operate the GUI.

For example and without limitation, determination of hands-free contextcan be made based on any of the following, singly or in any combination:

-   -   data from sensors (including, for example, compass,        accelerometer, gyroscope, speedometer, ambient light sensor,        BlueTooth connection detector, clock, WiFi signal detector,        microphone, and the like);    -   determining that device 60 is in a certain geographic location,        for example via GPS;    -   data from a clock (for example, hands-free context can be        specified as being active at certain times of day and/or certain        days of the week);    -   predefined parameters (for example, the user or an administrator        can specify that hands-free context is active when any condition        or combination of conditions is detected);    -   connection of Bluetooth or other wireless I/O devices (for        example, if a connection with a BlueTooth-enabled interface of a        moving vehicle is detected);    -   any other information that may indicate that the user is in a        moving vehicle or driving a car;    -   presence or absence of attached peripherals, including        headphones, headsets, things connected by adapter cables, and        the like;    -   determining that the user is not in contact with or in close        proximity to device 60;    -   the particular signal used to trigger interaction with assistant        1002 (for example, a motion gesture in which the user holds the        device to the ear, or the pressing of a button on a Bluetooth        device, or pressing of a button on an attached audio device);    -   detection of specific words in a continuous stream of words (for        example, assistant 1002 can be configured to be listening for        commands, and to be invoked when the user calls its name or says        some command such as “Computer!”; the particular command can        indicate whether or not hands-free context is active.

In other embodiments, the user can manually indicate that hands-freecontext is active or inactive, and/or can schedule hands-free context toactivate and/or deactivate at certain times of day and/or certain daysof the week.

In one embodiment, upon receiving text message 470 while in hands-freecontext, multimodal virtual assistant 1002 causes device 60 to output anaudio indication, such as a beep or tone, indicating receipt of a textmessage. As described above, the user can activate slider 472 to replyto or otherwise interact with message 471 according to known techniques(for example if hands-free mode was incorrectly detected, or if the userelects to stop driving or otherwise make him or herself available forhands-on interaction with device 60). Alternatively, the user can engagein a spoken dialog with assistant 1002 to enable interaction withassistant 1002 in a hands-free manner.

In one embodiment, the user initiates the spoken dialog by any suitablemechanism appropriate to a hands-free context. For example, in anenvironment where the user is driving a BlueTooth-equipped vehicle, anddevice 60 is in communication with the vehicle, an easily-accessedbutton (for example, one mounted on the steering wheel of a car) may beavailable. Pressing the button initiates a spoken dialog with assistant1002, and allows the user to communicate with assistant 1002 via theBlueTooth connection and through a microphone and/or speaker installedin the vehicle. Alternatively, the user can initiate the spoken dialogby pressing a button on device 60 itself, or on a headset, or on anyother peripheral device, or by performing some other distinctive actionthat signals to assistant 1002 that the user wishes to initiate a spokendialog. As another example, the user can speak a command that isunderstood by assistant 1002 and that initiates the spoken dialog. Oneskilled in the art will recognize that many other techniques can beprovided for allowing a user to easily initiate a spoken dialog withassistant 1002. Preferably, the mechanism that is used for initiatingthe spoken dialog does not require hand-eye coordination on the part ofthe user, thus allowing the user to focus on a primary task, such asdriving, and/or can be performed by an individual having a disabilitythat prevents, hinders, restricts, or limits his or her ability tointeract with a GUI such as depicted in FIGS. 2, 3A, and 3B.

Once the spoken dialog has been initiated, assistant 1002 listens forspoken input. In one embodiment, assistant 1002 acknowledges the spokeninput by some output mechanism that is easily detected by the user whilein the hands-free context. An example is an audio beep or tone, and/orvisual output on a vehicle dashboard that is easily seen by the usereven while driving, and/or by some other mechanism. Spoken input isprocessed using known speech recognition techniques. Assistant 1002 thenperforms action(s) indicated by the spoken input. In one embodiment,assistant 1002 provides spoken output, which may be output via speakers(in device 60 or installed in the vehicle), headphones or the like, soas to continue the audio dialog with the user. For example, assistant1002 can read content of text messages, email messages, and the like,and can provide options to the user in spoken form.

For example, if the user says “Read my new message”, assistant 1002 maycause device 60 to emit an acknowledgement tone. Assistant may then 1002emit spoken output such as “You have a new message from Tom Devon. Itsays: ‘Hey, are you going to the game?’”. Spoken output may be generatedby assistant 1002 using any known technique for converting text tospeech. In one embodiment, text-to-speech functionality is implementedusing, for example, Nuance Vocalizer, available from NuanceCommunications, Inc. of Burlington, Mass.

Referring now to FIG. 5A, there is shown an example of a screen shot 570showing output that may be presented on the screen of device 60 whilethe verbal interchange between the user and assistant 1002 is takingplacing. In some hands-free situations, the user can see the screen butcannot easily touch it, for example if the output on the screen ofdevice 60 is being replicated on a display screen of a vehicle'snavigation system. Visual echoing of the spoken conversation, asdepicted in FIGS. 5A through 5D, can help the user to verify that his orher spoken input has been properly and accurately understood byassistant 1002, and can further help the user understand assistant's1002 spoken replies. However, such visual echoing is optional, and thepresent invention can be implemented without any visual display on thescreen of device 60 or elsewhere. Thus, the user can interact withassistant 1002 purely by spoken input and output, or by a combination ofvisual and spoken inputs and/or outputs.

In the example, assistant 1002 displays and speaks a prompt 571. Inresponse to user input, assistant 1002 repeats the user input 572, onthe display and/or in spoken form. Assistant then introduces 573 theincoming text message reads it. In one embodiment, the text message mayalso be displayed on the screen.

As shown in FIG. 5B, after reading the incoming message to the user,assistant 1002 then tells the user that the user can “reply or read itagain” 574. Again, such output is provided, in one embodiment, in spokenform (i.e., verbally). In this manner, the system of the presentinvention informs the user of available actions in a manner that iswell-suited to the hands-free context, in that it does not require theuser to look at text fields, buttons, and/or links, and does not requiredirect manipulation by touch or interaction with on-screen objects. Asdepicted in FIG. 5B, in one embodiment the spoken output is echoed 574on-screen; however, such display of the spoken output is not required.In one embodiment, echo messages displayed on the screen scroll upwardsautomatically according to well known mechanisms.

In the example, the user says “Reply yes I'll be there at six”. Asdepicted in FIG. 5B, in one embodiment the user's spoken input is echoed575 so that the user can check that it has been properly understood. Inaddition, in one embodiment, assistant 1002 repeats the user's spokeninput in auditory form, so that the user can verify understanding of hisor her command even if he or she cannot see the screen. Thus, the systemof the present invention provides a mechanism by which the user caninitiate a reply command, compose a response, and verify that thecommand and the composed response were properly understood, all in ahands-free context and without requiring the user to view a screen orinteract with device 60 in a manner that is not feasible or well-suitedto the current operating environment.

In one embodiment, assistant 1002 provides further verification of theuser's composed text message by reading back the message. In thisexample, assistant 1002 says, verbally, “Here's your reply to Tom Devon:‘Yes I'll be there at six.’”. In one embodiment, the meaning of thequotation marks is conveyed with changes in voice and/or prosody. Forexample, the string “Here's your reply to Tom Devon” can be spoken inone voice, such as a male voice, while the string “Yes I'll be there atsix” can be spoken in another voice, such as a female voice.Alternatively, the same voice can be used, but with different prosody toconvey the quotation marks.

In one embodiment, assistant 1002 provides visual echoing of the spokeninterchange, as depicted in FIGS. 5B and 5C. FIGS. 5B and 5C showmessage 576 echoing assistant's 1002 spoken output of “Here's your replyto Tom Devon”. FIG. 5C shows a summary 577 of the text message beingcomposed, including recipient and content of the message. In FIG. 5C,previous messages have scrolled upward off the screen, but can be viewedby scrolling downwards according to known mechanisms. Send button 578sends the message; cancel button 579 cancels it. In one embodiment, theuser can also send or cancel the message by speaking a keyword, such as“send” or “cancel”. Alternatively, assistant 1002 can generate a spokenprompt, such as “Ready to send it?”; again, a display 570 with buttons578, 579 can be shown while the spoken prompt is output. The user canthen indicate what he or she wishes to do by touching buttons 578, 579or by answering the spoken prompt. The prompt can be issued in a formatthat permits a “yes” or “no” response, so that the user does not need touse any special vocabulary to make his or her intention known.

In one embodiment, assistant 1002 can confirm the user's spoken commandto send the message, for example by generating spoken output such as“OK, I'll send your message.” As shown in FIG. 5D, this spoken outputcan be echoed 580 on screen 570, along with summary 581 of the textmessage being sent.

The spoken exchange described above, combined with optional visualechoing, illustrates an example by which assistant 1002 providesredundant outputs in a multimodal interface. In this manner, assistant1002 is able to support a range of contexts including eyes-free,hands-free, and fully hands-on.

The example also illustrates mechanisms by which the displayed andspoken output can differ from one another to reflect their differentcontexts. The example also illustrates ways in which alternativemechanisms for responding are made available. For example, afterassistant says “Ready to send it?” and displays screen 570 shown in FIG.5C, the user can say the word “send”, or “yes”, or tap on Send button578 on the screen. Any of these actions would be interpreted the sameway by assistant 1002, and would cause the text message to be sent.Thus, the system of the present invention provides a high degree offlexibility with respect to the user's interaction with assistant 1002.

Referring now to FIGS. 6A through 6C, there is shown a series of screenshots illustrating an example of operation of multimodal virtualassistant 1002 according to an embodiment of the present invention,wherein the user revises text message 577 in a hands-free context, forexample to correct mistakes or add more content. In a visual interfaceinvolving direct manipulation, such as described above in connectionwith FIGS. 3A and 3B, the user might type on virtual keyboard 270 toedit the contents of text field 172 and thereby revise text message 577.Since such operations may not be feasible in a hands-free context,multimodal virtual assistant 1002 provides a mechanism by which suchediting of text message 577 can take place via spoken input and outputin a conversational interface

In one embodiment, once text message 577 has been composed (based, forexample, on the user's spoken input), multimodal virtual assistant 1002generates verbal output informing the user that the message is ready tobe sent, and asking the user whether the message should be sent. If theuser indicates, via verbal or direct manipulation input, that he or sheis not ready to send the message, then multimodal virtual assistant 1002generates spoken output to inform the user of available options, such assending, canceling, reviewing, or changing the message. For example,assistant 1002 may say with “OK, I won't send it yet. To continue, youcan Send, Cancel, Review, or Change it.”

As shown in FIG. 6A, in one embodiment multimodal virtual assistant 1002echoes the spoken output by displaying message 770, visually informingthe user of the options available with respect to text message 577. Inone embodiment, text message 577 is displayed in editable field 773, toindicate that the user can edit message 577 by tapping within field 773,along with buttons 578, 579 for sending or canceling text message 577,respectively. In one embodiment, tapping within editable field 773invokes a virtual keyboard (similar to that depicted in FIG. 3B), toallow editing by direct manipulation.

The user can also interact with assistant 1002 by providing spokeninput. Thus, in response to assistant's 1002 spoken message providingoptions for interacting with text message 577, the user may say “Changeit”. Assistant 1002 recognizes the spoken text and responds with averbal message prompting the user to speak the revised message. Forexample, assistant 1002 may say, “OK . . . . What would you like themessage to say?” and then starts listening for the user's response. FIG.6B depicts an example of a screen 570 that might be shown in connectionwith such a spoken prompt. Again, the user's spoken text is visuallyechoed 771, along with assistant's 1002 prompt 772.

In one embodiment, once the user has been prompted in this manner, theexact contents of the user's subsequent spoken input is interpreted ascontent for the text message, bypassing the normal natural languageinterpretation of user commands. User's spoken input is assumed to becomplete either when a pause of sufficient length in the input isdetected, or upon detection of a specific word indicating the input iscomplete, or upon detection that the user has pressed a button oractivated some other command to indicate that he or she has finishedspeaking the text message. In one embodiment, assistant 1002 thenrepeats back the input text message in spoken form, and may optionallyecho it as shown in FIG. 6C. Assistant 1002 offers a spoken prompt, suchas “Are you ready to send it?”, which may also be echoed 770 on thescreen as shown in FIG. 6C. The user can then reply by saying “cancel”,“send”, “yes”, or “no”, any of which are correctly interpreted byassistant 1002. Alternatively, the user can press a button 578 or 579 onthe screen to invoke the desired operation.

By providing a mechanism for modifying text message 577 in this manner,the system of the present invention, in one embodiment, provides a flowpath appropriate to a hands-free context, which is integrated with ahands-on approach so that the user can freely choose the mode ofinteraction at each stage. Furthermore, in one embodiment assistant 1002adapts its natural language processing mechanism to particular steps inthe overall flow; for example, as described above, in some situationsassistant 1002 may enter a mode where it bypasses normal naturallanguage interpretation of user commands when the user has been promptedto speak a text message.

Method

In one embodiment, multimodal virtual assistant 1002 detects ahands-free context and adapts one or more stages of its operation tomodify the user experience for hands-free operation. As described above,detection of the hands-free context can be applied in a variety of waysto affect the operation of multimodal virtual assistant 1002. Referringnow to FIG. 7, there is shown a flow diagram depicting a method 10 ofoperation of virtual assistant 1002 that supports dynamic detection ofand adaptation to a hands-free context, according to one embodiment.Method 10 may be implemented in connection with one or more embodimentsof multimodal virtual assistant 1002. As depicted in FIG. 7, thehands-free context can be used at various stages of processing inmultimodal virtual assistant 1002, according to one embodiment.

In at least one embodiment, method 10 may be operable to perform and/orimplement various types of functions, operations, actions, and/or otherfeatures such as, for example, one or more of the following (orcombinations thereof):

-   -   Execute an interface control flow loop of a conversational        interface between the user and multimodal virtual assistant        1002. At least one iteration of method 10 may serve as a ply in        the conversation. A conversational interface is an interface in        which the user and assistant 1002 communicate by making        utterances back and forth in a conversational manner.    -   Provide executive control flow for multimodal virtual assistant        1002. That is, the procedure controls the gathering of input,        processing of input, generation of output, and presentation of        output to the user.    -   Coordinate communications among components of multimodal virtual        assistant 1002. That is, it may direct where the output of one        component feeds into another, and where the overall input from        the environment and action on the environment may occur.

In at least some embodiments, portions of method 10 may also beimplemented at other devices and/or systems of a computer network.

According to specific embodiments, multiple instances or threads ofmethod 10 may be concurrently implemented and/or initiated via the useof one or more processors 63 and/or other combinations of hardwareand/or hardware and software. In at least one embodiment, one or more orselected portions of method 10 may be implemented at one or moreclient(s) 1304, at one or more server(s) 1340, and/or combinationsthereof.

For example, in at least some embodiments, various aspects, features,and/or functionalities of method 10 may be performed, implemented and/orinitiated by software components, network services, databases, and/orthe like, or any combination thereof.

According to different embodiments, one or more different threads orinstances of method 10 may be initiated in response to detection of oneor more conditions or events satisfying one or more different types ofcriteria (such as, for example, minimum threshold criteria) fortriggering initiation of at least one instance of method 10. Examples ofvarious types of conditions or events which may trigger initiationand/or implementation of one or more different threads or instances ofthe method may include, but are not limited to, one or more of thefollowing (or combinations thereof):

-   -   a user session with an instance of multimodal virtual assistant        1002, such as, for example, but not limited to, one or more of:        -   a mobile device application starting up, for instance, a            mobile device application that is implementing an embodiment            of multimodal virtual assistant 1002;        -   a computer application starting up, for instance, an            application that is implementing an embodiment of multimodal            virtual assistant 1002;        -   a dedicated button on a mobile device pressed, such as a            “speech input button”;        -   a button on a peripheral device attached to a computer or            mobile device, such as a headset, telephone handset or base            station, a GPS navigation system, consumer appliance, remote            control, any other device with a button that might be            associated with invoking assistance;        -   a web session started from a web browser to a website            implementing multimodal virtual assistant 1002;        -   an interaction started from within an existing web browser            session to a website implementing multimodal virtual            assistant 1002, in which, for example, multimodal virtual            assistant 1002 service is requested;        -   an email message sent to a modality server 1426 that is            mediating communication with an embodiment of multimodal            virtual assistant 1002;        -   a text message is sent to a modality server 1426 that is            mediating communication with an embodiment of multimodal            virtual assistant 1002;        -   a phone call is made to a modality server 1434 that is            mediating communication with an embodiment of multimodal            virtual assistant 1002;        -   an event such as an alert or notification is sent to an            application that is providing an embodiment of multimodal            virtual assistant 1002.    -   when a device that provides multimodal virtual assistant 1002 is        turned on and/or started.

According to different embodiments, one or more different threads orinstances of method 10 may be initiated and/or implemented manually,automatically, statically, dynamically, concurrently, and/orcombinations thereof. Additionally, different instances and/orembodiments of method 10 may be initiated at one or more different timeintervals (e.g., during a specific time interval, at regular periodicintervals, at irregular periodic intervals, upon demand, and the like).

In at least one embodiment, a given instance of method 10 may utilizeand/or generate various different types of data and/or other types ofinformation when performing specific tasks and/or operations, includingdetection of a hands-free context as described herein. Data may alsoinclude any other type of input data/information and/or outputdata/information. For example, in at least one embodiment, at least oneinstance of method 10 may access, process, and/or otherwise utilizeinformation from one or more different types of sources, such as, forexample, one or more databases. In at least one embodiment, at least aportion of the database information may be accessed via communicationwith one or more local and/or remote memory devices. Additionally, atleast one instance of method 10 may generate one or more different typesof output data/information, which, for example, may be stored in localmemory and/or remote memory devices.

In at least one embodiment, initial configuration of a given instance ofmethod 10 may be performed using one or more different types ofinitialization parameters. In at least one embodiment, at least aportion of the initialization parameters may be accessed viacommunication with one or more local and/or remote memory devices. In atleast one embodiment, at least a portion of the initializationparameters provided to an instance of method 10 may correspond to and/ormay be derived from the input data/information.

In the particular example of FIG. 7, it is assumed that a single user isaccessing an instance of multimodal virtual assistant 1002 over anetwork from a client application with speech input capabilities. In oneembodiment, assistant 1002 is installed on device 60 such as a mobilecomputing device, personal digital assistant, mobile phone, smartphone,laptop, tablet computer, consumer electronic device, music player, orthe like. Assistant 1002 operates in connection with a user interfacethat allows users to interact with assistant 1002 via spoken input andoutput as well as direct manipulation and/or display of a graphical userinterface (for example via a touchscreen).

Device 60 has a current state 11 that can be analyzed to detect 20whether it is in a hands-free context. A hands-free context can bedetected 20, based on state 11, using any applicable detection mechanismor combination of mechanisms, whether automatic or manual. Examples areset forth above.

When hands-free context is detected 20, that information is added toother contextual information 1000 that may be used for informing variousprocesses of the assistant, as described in related U.S. Utilityapplication Ser. No. ______, entitled “Using Context Information toFacilitate Processing of Commands in a Virtual Assistant”, attorneydocket number P11353US1, filed on the same day as the presentapplication, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference.

Speech input is elicited and interpreted 100. Elicitation may includepresenting prompts in any suitable mode. Thus, depending on whether ornot hands-free context is detected, in various embodiments, assistant1002 may offer one or more of several modes of input. These may include,for example:

-   -   an interface for typed input, which may invoke an active        typed-input elicitation procedure;    -   an interface for speech input, which may invoke an active speech        input elicitation procedure.    -   an interface for selecting inputs from a menu, which may invoke        active GUI-based input elicitation.

For example, if a hands-free context is detected, speech input may beelicited by a tone or other audible prompt, and the user's speech may beinterpreted as text. One skilled in the art will recognize, however,that other input modes may be provided.

The output of step 100 may be a set of candidate interpretations of thetext of the input speech. This set of candidate interpretations isprocessed 200 by language interpreter 2770 (also referred to as anatural language processor, or NLP), which parses the text input andgenerates a set of possible semantic interpretations of the user'sintent.

In step 300, these representation(s) of the user's intent is/are passedto dialog flow processor 2780, which implements an embodiment of adialog and flow analysis procedure to operationalize the user's intentas task steps. Dialog flow processor 2780 determines whichinterpretation of intent is most likely, maps this interpretation toinstances of domain models and parameters of a task model, anddetermines the next flow step in a task flow. If appropriate, one ormore task flow step(s) adapted to hands-free operation is/are selected310. For example, as described above, the task flow step(s) formodifying a text message may be different when hands-free context isdetected.

In step 400, the identified flow step(s) is/are executed. In oneembodiment, invocation of the flow step(s) is performed by servicesorchestration component 2782, which invokes a set of services on behalfof the user's request. In one embodiment, these services contribute somedata to a common result.

In step 500, a dialog response is generated. In one embodiment, dialogresponse generation 500 is influenced by the state of hands-freecontext. Thus, when hands-free context is detected, different and/oradditional dialog units may be selected 510 for presentation using theaudio channel. For example, additional prompts such as “Ready to sendit?” may be spoken verbally and not necessarily displayed on the screen.In one embodiment, the detection of hands-free context can influence theprompting for additional input 520, for example to verify input.

In step 700, multimodal output (which, in one embodiment includes verbaland visual content) is presented to the user, who then can optionallyrespond again using speech input.

If, after viewing and/or hearing the response, the user is done 790, themethod ends. If the user is not done, another iteration of the loop isinitiated by returning to step 100.

As described herein, context information 1000, including a detectedhands-free context, can be used by various components of the system toinfluence various steps of method 10. For example, as depicted in FIG.7, context 1000, including hands-free context, can be used at steps 100,200, 300, 310, 500, 510, and/or 520. One skilled in the art willrecognize, however, that the use of context information 1000, includinghands-free context, is not limited to these specific steps, and that thesystem can use context information at other points as well, withoutdeparting from the essential characteristics of the present invention.Further description of the use of context 1000 in the various steps ofoperation of assistant 1002 is provided in related U.S. Utilityapplication Ser. No. ______, entitled “Using Context Information toFacilitate Processing of Commands in a Virtual Assistant”, attorneydocket number P11353US1, filed on the same day as the presentapplication, and in related U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/479,477for “Contextual Voice Commands”, attorney docket number P7393US1, filedJun. 5, 2009, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein byreference.

In addition, one skilled in the art will recognize that differentembodiments of method 10 may include additional features and/oroperations than those illustrated in the specific embodiment depicted inFIG. 7, and/or may omit at least a portion of the features and/oroperations of method 10 as illustrated in the specific embodiment ofFIG. 7.

Adaptation of steps 100, 200, 300, 310, 500, 510, and/or 520 to ahands-free context is described in more detail below.

Adapting Input Elicitation and Interpretation 100 to Hands-Free Context

Elicitation and interpretation of speech input 100 can be adapted to ahands-free context in any of several ways, either singly or in anycombination. As described above, in one embodiment, if a hands-freecontext is detected, speech input may be elicited by a tone and/or otheraudible prompt, and the user's speech is interpreted as text. Ingeneral, multimodal virtual assistant 1002 may provide multiple possiblemechanisms for audio input (such as, for example, Bluetooth-connectedmicrophones or other attached peripherals), and multiple possiblemechanisms for invoking assistant 1002 (such as, for example, pressing abutton on a peripheral or using a motion gesture in proximity to device60). The information about how assistant 1002 was invoked and/or whichmechanism is being used for audio input can be used to indicate whetheror not hands-free context is active and can be used to alter thehands-free experience. More particularly, such information can be usedto direct step 100 to use a particular audio path for input and output.

In addition, when hands-free context is detected, the manner in whichaudio input devices are used can be changed. For example, in a hands-onmode, the interface can require that the user press a button or make aphysical gesture to cause assistant 1002 to start listening for speechinput. In hands-free mode, by contrast, the interface can continuouslyprompt for input after every instance of output by assistant 1002, orcan allow continuous speech in both directions (allowing the user tointerrupt assistant 1002 while assistant 1002 is still speaking).

Adapting Natural Language Processing 200 to Hands-Free Context

Natural Language Processing (NLP) 200 can be adapted to a hands-freecontext, for example, by adding support for certain spoken responsesthat are particularly well-suited to hands-free operation. Suchresponses can include, for example, “yes”, “read the message” and“change it”. In one embodiment, support for such responses can beprovided in addition to support for spoken commands that are usable in ahands-on situation. Thus, for example, in one embodiment, a user may beable to operate a graphical user interface by speaking a command thatappears on a screen (for example, when a button labeled “Send” appearson the screen, support may be provided for understanding the spoken word“send” and its semantic equivalents). In a hands-free context,additional commands can be recognized to account for the fact that theuser may not be able to view the screen.

Detection of a hands-free context can also alter the interpretation ofwords by assistant 1002. For example, in a hands-free context, assistant1002 can be tuned to recognize the command “quiet!” and its semanticvariants, and to turn off all audio output in response to such acomment. In a non-hands-free context, such a command might be ignored asnot relevant.

Adapting Task Flow 300 to Hands-Free Context

Step 300, which includes identifying task(s) associated with the user'sintent, parameter(s) for the task(s) and/or task flow steps 300 toexecute, can be adapted for hands-free context in any of several ways,singly or in combination.

In one embodiment, one or more additional task flow step(s) adapted tohands-free operation is/are selected 310 for operation. Examples includesteps to review and confirm content verbally. In addition, in ahands-free context, assistant 1002 can read lists of results that wouldotherwise be presented on a display screen. Verbal commands can beprovided for interacting with individual items in the list. For example,if several incoming text messages are to be presented to the user, and ahands-free context is detected, then identified task flow steps caninclude reading aloud each text message individually, and pausing aftereach message to allow the user to provide a spoken command.

In one embodiment, task flows can be modified for hands-free context.For example, the task flow for taking notes in a notes application mightnormally involve prompting for content and immediately adding it to anote. Such an operation might be appropriate in a hands-on environmentin which content is immediately shown in the visual interface andimmediately available for modification by direct manipulation. However,when a hands-free context is detected, the task flow can be modified,for example to verbally review the content and allow for modification ofcontent before it is added to the note. This allows the user to catchspeech dictation errors before they are stored in the permanentdocument.

In one embodiment, hands-free context can also be used to limit thetasks that are allowed at a given time. For example, a policy can beimplemented to disallow the playing videos when the user's device is inhands-free context, or a specific hands-free context such as driving avehicle.

In one embodiment, assistant 1002 can make available entire domains ofdiscourse and/or tasks that are only applicable in a hands-free context.Examples include accessibility modes such as those designed for peoplewith limited eyesight or limited use of their hands. These accessibilitymodes include commands that are implemented as hands-free alternativesfor operating an arbitrary GUI on a given application platform, forexample to recognize commands such as “press the button” or “scroll up”are. Other tasks that are may be applicable only in hands-free modesinclude tasks related to the hands-free experience itself, such as “usemy car's Bluetooth kit” or “slow down [the Text to Speech Output]”.

Adapting Dialog Generation 500 to Hands-Free Context

In various embodiments, any of a number of techniques can be used formodifying dialog generation 500 to adapt to a hands-free context.

In a hands-on interface, assistant's 1002 interpretation of the user'sinput can be echoed in writing; however such feedback may not be visibleto the user when in a hands-free context. Thus, in one embodiment, whena hands-free context is detected, assistant 1002 uses Text-to-Speech(TTS) technology to paraphrase the user's input. Such paraphrasing canbe selective; for example, prior to sending a text message, assistant1002 can speak the text message so that a user can verify its contentseven if he or she cannot see the display screen.

The determination as to when to paraphrase the user's speech, and whichparts of the speech to paraphrase, can be driven by task- and/orflow-specific dialogs. For example, in response to a user's spokencommand such as “read my new message”, in one embodiment assistant 1002does not paraphrase the command, since it is evident from assistant's1002 response (reading the message) that the command was understood.However, in other situations, such as when the user's input is notrecognized in step 100 or understood in step 200, assistant 1002 canattempt to paraphrase the user's spoken input so as to inform the userwhy the input was not understood. For example, assistant 1002 might say“I didn't understand ‘reel my newt massage’. Please try again.”

In one embodiment, the verbal paraphrase of information can combinedialog templates with personal data on a device. For example, whenreading a text message, in one embodiment assistant 1002 uses a spokenoutput template with variables of the form, “You have a new message from$person. It says $message.” The variables in the template can besubstituted with user data and then turned into speech by a processrunning on device 60. In one embodiment wherein the invention isimplemented in a client/server environment, such a technique can helpprotect the privacy of users while still allowing personalization ofoutput, since the personal data can remain on device 60 and can befilled in upon receipt of an output template from the server.

In one embodiment, when hands-free context is detected, different and/oradditional dialog units specifically tailored to hands-free contexts maybe selected 510 for presentation using the audio channel. The code orrules for determining which dialog units to select can be sensitive tothe particulars of the hands-free context. In this manner, a generaldialog generation component can be adapted and extended to supportvarious hands-free variations without necessarily building a separateuser experience for different hands-free situations.

In one embodiment, the same mechanism that generates text and GUI outputunits can be annotated with texts that are tailored for an audio (spokenword) output modality. For example:

-   -   In one embodiment, a dialog generation component can be adapted        for a hands-free context by reading all of its written dialog        responses using TTS.    -   In one embodiment, a dialog generation component can be adapted        for a hands-free context by reading some of its written dialog        responses verbatim over TTS, and using TTS variants for other        dialog responses.    -   In one embodiment, such annotations support a variable        substitution template mechanism which segregates user data from        dialog generation.    -   In one embodiment, graphical user interface elements can be        annotated with text that indicates how they should be verbally        paraphrased over TTS.    -   In one embodiment, TTS texts can be tuned so that the voice,        speaking rate, pitch, pauses, and/or other parameters are used        to convey verbally what would otherwise be conveyed in        punctuation or visual rendering. For example, the voice that is        used when repeating back the user's words can be a different        voice, or can use different prosody, than that used for other        dialog units. As another example, the voice and/or prosody can        differ depending on whether content or instructions are being        spoken. As another example, pauses can be inserted between        sections of text with different meanings, to aid in        understanding. For example, when paraphrasing a message and        asking for confirmation, a pause might be inserted between the        paraphrase of the content “Your message reads . . . ” and the        prompt for confirmation “Ready to send it?”

In one embodiment, non-hands free contexts can be enhanced using similarmechanisms of using TTS as described above for hands-free contexts. Forexample, a dialog can generate verbal-only prompts in addition towritten text and GUI elements. For example, in some situations,assistant 1002 can say, verbally, “Shall I send it?” to augment theon-screen display of a Send button. In one embodiment, the TTS outputused for both hands-free and non-hands-free contexts can be tailored foreach case. For example, assistant 1002 may use longer pauses when in thehands-free context.

In one embodiment, the detection of hands-free context can also be usedto determine whether and when to automatically prompt the user for aresponse. For example, when interaction between assistant 1002 and useris synchronous in nature, so that one party speaks while the otherlistens, a design choice can be made as to whether and when assistant1002 should automatically start listening for a speech input from theuser after assistant 1002 has spoken. The specifics of the hands-freecontext can be used to implement various policies for thisauto-start-listening property of a dialog. Examples include, withoutlimitation:

-   -   Always auto-start-listening;    -   Only auto-start-listening when in a hands-free context;    -   Only auto-start-listening for certain task flow steps and dialog        states;    -   Only auto-start-listening for certain task flow steps and dialog        states in a hands-free context.

In other embodiments, detection of a hands-free context can also affectchoices with regard to other parameters of a dialog, such as, forexample:

-   -   the length of lists of options to offer the user;    -   whether to read lists;    -   whether to ask questions with single or multiple valued answers;    -   whether to prompt for data that can only be given using a direct        manipulation interface;

Thus, in various embodiments, a hands-free context, once detected, is asystem-side parameter that can be used to adapt various processing stepsof a complex system such as multimodal virtual assistant 1002. Thevarious methods described herein provide ways to adapt generalprocedures of assistant 1002 for hands-free contexts to support a rangeof user experiences from the same underlying system.

Various mechanisms for gathering, communicating, representing, andaccessing context are described in related U.S. Utility application Ser.No. ______, entitled “Using Context Information to Facilitate Processingof Commands in a Virtual Assistant”, attorney docket number P11353US1,filed on the same day as the present application, the entire disclosureof which is incorporated herein by reference. One skilled in the artwill recognize that such techniques are applicable to hands-free contextas well.

Use Cases

The following use cases are presented as examples of operation ofassistant 1002 in a hands-free context. One skilled in the art willrecognize that the use cases are exemplary, and are presented forillustrative purposes only.

Phone Use Cases

In one embodiment, when in a hands-free context, assistant 1002 allowsthe user to can call anyone if the user can specify the person to becalled without tapping or otherwise touching the device. Examplesinclude calling by contact name, calling by phone number (digits recitedby user), and the like. Ambiguity can be resolved by additional spokenprompts. Examples are shown below.

Example 1 Call a Contact, Unambiguous

-   -   User's spoken input: “Call Adam Smith”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Calling Adam Smith, mobile.”    -   Call is placed

Similar interaction would take place for any of the following use cases:

-   -   Call contact by Name (“call adam smith”)    -   Call contact by Name, non-default phone number (“call adam smith        mobile”)    -   Call by Number (“call 800 555 1212”)    -   Call contact by Relationship Alias (“call my mom”)    -   Call contact by Location Alias (“phone home”)    -   Call via FaceTime (“facetime adam smith”)    -   Call back from context (“call him back”)

Example 2 Cancel a Phone Call

-   -   User's spoken input: “Call Adam Smith”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Calling Adam Smith, mobile.”    -   User notes this is the wrong person to call; user single-presses        home button to cancel the call, or says “Stop”    -   Call is canceled

Example 3 Call by Name, Ambiguous

-   -   User's spoken input: “Call Adam”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “I found multiple matches for        <voice change> Adam”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output: “I found multiple matches for        <voice change> Adam”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: Read names    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Disambiguation Menu        -   Adam Cheyer home        -   Adam Sandler home        -   Adam Smith mobile    -   User's spoken input: “Adam Cheyer”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Calling Adam Cheyer”    -   Call is placed

Example 4 Call by Name, Doubly Ambiguous

-   -   User's spoken input: “Call Paul”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “I found multiple matches for        <voice change> Paul”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output: “I found multiple matches for        <voice change> Paul”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: Read names    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Disambiguation Menu        -   Paul Holden home        -   Paul Marcos iPhone        -   Paul Marcos mobile        -   Paul Marcos home        -   Pablo Picasso home    -   User's spoken input: “Paul Marcos”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Which number for Paul Marcos:        iPhone, mobile, or home?”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output: “Which number for Paul Marcos?”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Disambiguation Menu        -   Paul Marcos iPhone        -   Paul Marcos mobile        -   Paul Marcos home    -   User's spoken input: “mobile”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Calling Paul Marcos <pause>        mobile”    -   Call is placed

Example 5 Call a Business by Name, No Ambiguity

-   -   User's spoken input: “Call the sony metreon in san francisco”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “I found AMC Loews Metreon 16 on        Fourth Street”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output: “I found AMC Loews Metreon 16 on        Fourth Street”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Local Search Snippet        -   AMC Loews Metreon 16        -   101 Fourth St, San Francisco        -   (888) 262-4386        -   <Cancel button> <Call button>    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Shall I place the call?”    -   User's spoken input: “Call it”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Calling AMC Loews Metreon 16”    -   Call is placed

Example 6 Call a Business by Name, Multiple Matches

-   -   User's spoken input: “Call walgreens”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “I found several matches for        <change voice> Walgreens”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output: “I found several matches for        <change voice> Walgreens”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   List of Local Search Snippets        -   Walgreens Store Los Gatos        -   423 N Santa Cruz Ave, Los Gatos        -   Walgreens        -   1570 Campbell Ave, Campbell, Calif.        -   Walgreens        -   20011 Bollinger Rd, Cupertino, Calif.        -   Walgreens        -   1334 Saratoga Ave, San Jose, Calif.        -   Walgreens        -   2680 Union Ave, San Jose, Calif.    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Shall I read them to you?”    -   User's spoken input: “yes”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Walgreens store los gatos on        423 North Santa Cruz Avenue in Los Gatos <pause> 2. Walgreens on        1570 Campbell Avenue in Campbell <pause> 3 . . . . ””    -   User's spoken input: “the one in Cupertino”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Calling Walgreens in Cupertino”    -   Call is placed

Example 6 Make Scheduled Calls in Car

-   -   User starts driving home    -   Assistant 1002 issues tone of an In Car Reminder    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Reminder Alert        -   Call Adam Smith        -   <Close button> <Call button>    -   User's spoken input: “Read it”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “You have a reminder to call        Adam Smith”    -   User's spoken input: “Call him now”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Calling Adam Smith, mobile”    -   Call is placed

Example 7 Play New Voicemails

-   -   User's spoken input: “play voicemail”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “You have three new voice mail        messages”    -   Assistant 1002 plays voicemails, one at a time, with prompts”

SMS Text Messaging Use Cases Example 8 Read a Single Text Message Alert

-   -   Assistant's 1002 audio output: Reads the alert or alerts; or        generates sound indicating incoming text message    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Text Message        -   Mary Richards        -   Are you free for dinner tonight?        -   <Close button> <Reply button>    -   User's spoken input: “read it”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Message from Mary Richards        <change of voice> are you free for dinner tonight?”

Example 9 Reply to Text Message (Continues from Example 8)

-   -   User's spoken input: “reply <pause> sure, how about 8?”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Ready to reply to Mary Richards        with the message <change of voice> sure how about 8”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   To: Mary Richards        -   sure how about 8        -   <Cancel button> <Send button>    -   User's spoken input: “send it”    -   Assistant's 1002 audio output: “Sending”; or generates outgoing        text message sound

Example 10 Send a Text Message to One Recipient

-   -   User's spoken input: “Tell Lisa that I'll be 15 minutes late”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Ready to send a text to Lisa        Gonzalez with the message <change of voice> I'll be 15 minutes        late”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Text Message        -   To: Lisa Gonzalez        -   I'll be 15 minutes late        -   <Cancel button> <Send button>    -   User's spoken input: “send it”    -   Assistant's 1002 audio output: “Sending”; or generates outgoing        text message sound

Example 11 Send a Text Message to One Recipient—Ambiguous

-   -   User's spoken input: “text to Adam with message Where is the        meeting?”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “I found multiple matches for        <voice change> Adam”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: Read names    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Disambiguation Menu        -   Adam Cheyer home        -   Adam Sandler home        -   Adam Smith mobile    -   User's spoken input: “Adam Cheyer”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Adam Cheyer”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Text Message        -   To: Adam Cheyer        -   Where is the meeting?        -   <Cancel button> <Send button>    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Ready to send a text to Adam

Cheyer with the message <change of voice> Where is the meeting?”

-   -   User's spoken input: “send it”    -   Assistant's 1002 audio output: “Sending”; or generates outgoing        text message sound

Example 12 Read an SMS Message from Messages App

-   -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Text Message        -   Betty Joe Bialowski        -   You can call me Nancy        -   <Close button> <Reply button>    -   User's spoken input: “read it”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Message from Betty Joe        Bialowski <change voice> you can call me nancy”

Example 13 Reply in Context of Messages App (Continues from Example 12)

-   -   User's spoken input: “reply <pause> Hi Nancy”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Ready to reply to Betty Joe        Bialowski with the message <change of voice> Hi Nancy”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   To: Betty Joe Bialowski        -   Hi Nancy        -   <Cancel button> <Send button>    -   User's spoken input: “send it”    -   Assistant's 1002 audio output: “Sending”; or generates outgoing        text message sound

Example 14 Read all Unread SMS Messages

-   -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Melanie Haber (1)        -   Betty Joe Bialowski (3)        -   Audrey Farber (1)    -   User's spoken input: “Read my new messages”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “You have 4 new messages. From        Melanie Haber <change voice> How about dinner? <pause> From        Betty Joe Bialowski, you have 2 messages. <pause> 1. <change        voice> My name is MacGill. <pause> 2. <change voice> I call        myself Lill. “<pause> 3. <change voice> you can call me nancy”

Example 15 Reply by Name in Context of Messages App

-   -   User's spoken input: “Tell Audrey that I'll be 15 minutes late”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Ready to send a text to Audrey        Farber with the message <change of voice> I'll be 15 minutes        late”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Text Message        -   To: Audrey Farber        -   I'll be 15 minutes late        -   <Cancel button> <Send button>    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Shall I send it?”    -   User's spoken input: “yes”    -   Assistant's 1002 audio output: “Sending”; or generates outgoing        text message sound

Example 16 Send a Text Message to Multiple Recipient

In one embodiment, this task is determined to be out of scope forhands-free context. Accordingly, assistant 1002 reverts to tapping fordisambiguation.

-   -   User's spoken input: “Tell Lisa, Paul, and Nancy that I'll be 15        minutes late to our important meeting”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Please select among these        people”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output: GUI to select multiple        recipients    -   User selects recipients via GUI    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Ready to send a text to Lisa        Gonzalez, Paul Marcos, and Audrey Farber with the message        <change of voice> I'll be 15 minutes late to our important        meeting”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Text Message        -   To: Lisa Gonzalez, Paul Marcos, Audrey Farber I'll be 15            minutes late to our important meeting        -   <Cancel button> <Send button>    -   User's spoken input: “Send it”    -   Assistant's 1002 audio output: “Sending”; or generates outgoing        text message sound

Alerts & Reminders Use Cases Example 17 Read a Single Reminder Alert

-   -   Assistant 1002 issues reminder tone    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Reminders        -   Call Mary Richards        -   <Close button> <Call button>    -   User's spoken input: “Read it”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Reminder to call Mary Richards”

Example 18 Execute Reminder Alert (Continues from Example 17)

-   -   User's spoken input: “call her”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Calling Mary Richards, mobile”    -   Call is placed

Example 19 Create a New Reminder with Alert

-   -   User's spoken input: “Remind me to call Bob Jones at 5 pm”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Please confirm: reminder at 5        pm today to <change of voice> call Bob Jones”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Please confirm Reminder        -   Call Bob Jones        -   Reminder time: 5:00 pm today        -   <Cancel> <Save>    -   Pause    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Is this correct?”    -   User's spoken input: “yes, save it”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Your reminder has been saved”

Example 20 Create a New Reminder with No Alert P1

-   -   User's spoken input: “Remind me to get bread” or “Remember to        get bread”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Please confirm: remember to get        bread”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   Please confirm Reminder        -   get bread        -   <Cancel> <Save>    -   Pause    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “Is this correct?”    -   User's spoken input: “yup”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “I added it to your to-do list”

Calendar Use Cases Example 21 Create a Simple Appointment (Descriptionand Date/Time Given)

-   -   User's spoken input: “Schedule a meeting at 2 tomorrow to plan        the company picnic”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “I put it on your calendar for 2        PM tomorrow”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   description: Plan the company picnic        -   when: tomorrow at 2 PM

Example 22 Create a Simple Appointment (No Description Given)

-   -   User's spoken input: “Meet with Carol at 2 tomorrow”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “I put it on your calendar for 2        PM tomorrow”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   description: Meeting        -   when: tomorrow at 2 PM

Example 23 Create a Simple Appointment (No Time Given)

-   -   User's spoken input: “Dentist appointment next Thursday”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “What time next Thursday?”    -   User's spoken input: “3 o'clock”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “I put it on your calendar for 3        PM next Thursday”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   description: Dentist appointment        -   when: next Thursday—3 pm

Example 24 Create a Simple Appointment (No Date or Time Given)

-   -   User's spoken input: “Schedule a meeting to plan the company        picnic”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “When would you like to have the        meeting?”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output: editable appointment form    -   User's spoken input: “Tuesday at 3 o'clock”    -   Assistant's 1002 spoken output: “I put it on your calendar for 3        PM on Tuesday”    -   Assistant's 1002 visual output:        -   description: meeting to plan the company picnic        -   when: Tuesday—3 pm

One skilled in the art will recognize that the above examples are merelyillustrative of the use of hands-free context in particular situations.Additional uses include, for example, maps, playing media such as music,and the like.

The present invention has been described in particular detail withrespect to possible embodiments. Those of skill in the art willappreciate that the invention may be practiced in other embodiments.First, the particular naming of the components, capitalization of terms,the attributes, data structures, or any other programming or structuralaspect is not mandatory or significant, and the mechanisms thatimplement the invention or its features may have different names,formats, or protocols. Further, the system may be implemented via acombination of hardware and software, as described, or entirely inhardware elements, or entirely in software elements. Also, theparticular division of functionality between the various systemcomponents described herein is merely exemplary, and not mandatory;functions performed by a single system component may instead beperformed by multiple components, and functions performed by multiplecomponents may instead be performed by a single component.

In various embodiments, the present invention can be implemented as asystem or a method for performing the above-described techniques, eithersingly or in any combination. In another embodiment, the presentinvention can be implemented as a computer program product comprising anontransitory computer-readable storage medium and computer programcode, encoded on the medium, for causing a processor in a computingdevice or other electronic device to perform the above-describedtechniques.

Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or to “an embodiment”means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic describedin connection with the embodiments is included in at least oneembodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in oneembodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarilyall referring to the same embodiment.

Some portions of the above are presented in terms of algorithms andsymbolic representations of operations on data bits within a memory of acomputing device. These algorithmic descriptions and representations arethe means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to mosteffectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in theart. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be aself-consistent sequence of steps (instructions) leading to a desiredresult. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physicalquantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take theform of electrical, magnetic or optical signals capable of being stored,transferred, combined, compared and otherwise manipulated. It isconvenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to referto these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms,numbers, or the like. Furthermore, it is also convenient at times, torefer to certain arrangements of steps requiring physical manipulationsof physical quantities as modules or code devices, without loss ofgenerality.

It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar termsare to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and aremerely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unlessspecifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion,it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizingterms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or“displaying” or “determining” or the like, refer to the action andprocesses of a computer system, or similar electronic computing moduleand/or device, that manipulates and transforms data represented asphysical (electronic) quantities within the computer system memories orregisters or other such information storage, transmission or displaydevices.

Certain aspects of the present invention include process steps andinstructions described herein in the form of an algorithm. It should benoted that the process steps and instructions of the present inventioncan be embodied in software, firmware and/or hardware, and when embodiedin software, can be downloaded to reside on and be operated fromdifferent platforms used by a variety of operating systems.

The present invention also relates to an apparatus for performing theoperations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for therequired purposes, or it may comprise a general-purpose computing deviceselectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored inthe computing device. Such a computer program may be stored in acomputer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, anytype of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs,magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random accessmemories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs), or any type of media suitable forstoring electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer systembus. Further, the computing devices referred to herein may include asingle processor or may be architectures employing multiple processordesigns for increased computing capability.

The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently relatedto any particular computing device, virtualized system, or otherapparatus. Various general-purpose systems may also be used withprograms in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may proveconvenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform therequired method steps. The required structure for a variety of thesesystems will be apparent from the description provided herein. Inaddition, the present invention is not described with reference to anyparticular programming language. It will be appreciated that a varietyof programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of thepresent invention as described herein, and any references above tospecific languages are provided for disclosure of enablement and bestmode of the present invention.

Accordingly, in various embodiments, the present invention can beimplemented as software, hardware, and/or other elements for controllinga computer system, computing device, or other electronic device, or anycombination or plurality thereof. Such an electronic device can include,for example, a processor, an input device (such as a keyboard, mouse,touchpad, trackpad, joystick, trackball, microphone, and/or anycombination thereof), an output device (such as a screen, speaker,and/or the like), memory, long-term storage (such as magnetic storage,optical storage, and/or the like), and/or network connectivity,according to techniques that are well known in the art. Such anelectronic device may be portable or nonportable. Examples of electronicdevices that may be used for implementing the invention include: amobile phone, personal digital assistant, smartphone, kiosk, desktopcomputer, laptop computer, tablet computer, consumer electronic device,consumer entertainment device; music player; camera; television; set-topbox; electronic gaming unit; or the like. An electronic device forimplementing the present invention may use any operating system such as,for example, iOS or MacOS, available from Apple Inc. of Cupertino,Calif., or any other operating system that is adapted for use on thedevice.

While the invention has been described with respect to a limited numberof embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of the abovedescription, will appreciate that other embodiments may be devised whichdo not depart from the scope of the present invention as describedherein. In addition, it should be noted that the language used in thespecification has been principally selected for readability andinstructional purposes, and may not have been selected to delineate orcircumscribe the inventive subject matter. Accordingly, the disclosureof the present invention is intended to be illustrative, but notlimiting, of the scope of the invention, which is set forth in theclaims.

1. A computer-implemented method for interpreting user input to performa task on a computing device having at least one processor, comprising:at a processor, detecting whether or not a hands-free context is active;at an output device, prompting a user for input; at an input device,receiving user input; at the processor, interpreting the received userinput to derive a representation of user intent; at the processor,identifying at least one task and at least one parameter for the task,based at least in part on the derived representation of user intent; atthe processor, executing the at least one task using the at least oneparameter, to derive a result; at the processor, generating a dialogresponse based on the derived result; and at the output device,outputting the generated dialog response; wherein, responsive todetection that the device is in a hands-free context, at least one ofthe steps of prompting the user for input, receiving user input,interpreting the receiving user input, identifying the at least one taskand at least one parameter for the task, and generating the dialogresponse is performed in a manner consistent with limitations associatedwith the hands-free context.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein at leasttwo interaction modes are available for user interaction with thecomputing device, and wherein: responsive to detection that the deviceis in a hands-free context, at least one of the steps of prompting theuser for input, receiving user input, interpreting the receiving userinput, identifying the at least one task and at least one parameter forthe task, and generating the dialog response is performed using a firstinteraction mode adapted to hands-free operation; and responsive todetection that the device is not in a hands-free context, at least oneof the steps of prompting the user for input, receiving user input,interpreting the receiving user input, identifying the at least one taskand at least one parameter for the task, and generating the dialogresponse is performed using a second interaction mode not adapted tohands-free operation.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein detectingwhether or not a hands-free context is active comprises detecting acondition indicating a limitation in at least one selected from thegroup consisting of: the ability of a user to view visual outputpresented by the computing device; the ability of a user to interactwith a graphical user interface presented by the computing device; theability of a user to use a physical component of the computing device;the ability of a user to perform touch input on the computing device;the ability of a user to activate a switch on the computing device; andthe ability of a user to use a keyboard on the computing device.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, wherein prompting a user for input comprises:responsive to detection that the device is not in a hands-free context,prompting the user via a first output mode not adapted to the hands-freecontext; and responsive to detection that the device is in a hands-freecontext, prompting the user via a second output mode adapted to thehands-free context.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein: prompting theuser via a first output mode comprises prompting the user via a visualoutput mode; and prompting the user via a second output mode comprisesprompting the user via an auditory output mode.
 6. The method of claim5, wherein: prompting the user via a visual output mode comprisesdisplaying a prompt on a display screen; and prompting the user via anauditory output mode comprises outputting a spoken prompt.
 7. The methodof claim 1, wherein interpreting the received user input comprises:responsive to detection that the device is in a hands-free context,interpreting the received user input using a vocabulary associated withhands-free operation.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying atleast one task and at least one parameter for the task comprises,responsive to detection that the device is in a hands-free context,performing at least one task flow identification step associated withhands-free operation.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein performing atleast one task flow identification step associated with hands-freeoperation comprises prompting the user to review and confirm enteredcontent via a speech-based interface.
 10. The method of claim 8, whereinperforming at least one task flow identification step associated withhands-free operation comprises performing at least one task flow stepusing auditory output.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein performing atleast one task flow identification step associated with hands-freeoperation comprises performing at least one task flow step selected froma limited group of available task flow steps suited to the hands-freecontext.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein generating a dialog responsecomprises, responsive to detection that the device is in a hands-freecontext, generating a dialog response in a speech-based output mode. 13.The method of claim 12, wherein generating a dialog response in aspeech-based output mode comprises paraphrasing at least a portion ofthe user input in spoken form.
 14. The method of claim 13, whereingenerating a dialog response in a speech-based output mode furthercomprises generating speech using a plurality of voices to differentiateparaphrased user input from other spoken output.
 15. The method of claim12, wherein generating a dialog response in a speech-based output modecomprises combining a dialog template with at least one item of personaldata.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting whether or not ahands-free context is active comprises at least one selected from thegroup consisting of: receiving user input specifying a hands-freecontext; receiving data from at least one sensor indicating anenvironmental condition associated with a hands-free context; detectingconnection of a peripheral device associated with a hands-free context;detecting disconnection of a peripheral device not associated with ahands-free context; detecting communication with an onboard system of avehicle; detecting current location; and detecting current speed. 17.The method of claim 1, wherein: prompting the user comprises promptingthe user via a conversational interface; and receiving user inputcomprises receiving user input via the conversational interface.
 18. Themethod of claim 1, wherein receiving user input comprises: receivingspoken input; and converting the spoken input to a text representation.19. The method of claim 1, wherein the computing device comprises atleast one selected from the group consisting of: a telephone; asmartphone; a tablet computer; a laptop computer; a personal digitalassistant; a desktop computer; a kiosk; a consumer electronic device; aconsumer entertainment device; a music player; a camera; a television;an electronic gaming unit; and a set-top box.
 20. A computer programproduct for interpreting user input to perform a task on a computingdevice having at least one processor, comprising: a nontransitorycomputer-readable storage medium; and computer program code, encoded onthe medium, configured to cause at least one processor to perform thesteps of: detecting whether or not a hands-free context is active;causing an output device to prompt a user for input; receiving userinput via an input device; interpreting the received user input toderive a representation of user intent; identifying at least one taskand at least one parameter for the task, based at least in part on thederived representation of user intent; executing the at least one taskusing the at least one parameter, to derive a result; generating adialog response based on the derived result; and causing the outputdevice to output the generated dialog response; wherein, responsive todetection that the device is in a hands-free context, the computerprogram code is configured to cause at least one processor to perform atleast one of the steps of prompting the user for input, receiving userinput, interpreting the receiving user input, identifying the at leastone task and at least one parameter for the task, and generating thedialog response in a manner consistent with limitations associated withthe hands-free context.
 21. The computer program product of claim 20,wherein at least two interaction modes are available for userinteraction with the computing device, and wherein: responsive todetection that the device is in a hands-free context, the computerprogram code is configured to cause at least one processor to perform atleast one of the steps of prompting the user for input, receiving userinput, interpreting the receiving user input, identifying the at leastone task and at least one parameter for the task, and generating thedialog response using a first interaction mode adapted to hands-freeoperation; and responsive to detection that the device is not in ahands-free context, the computer program code is configured to cause atleast one processor to perform at least one of the steps of promptingthe user for input, receiving user input, interpreting the receivinguser input, identifying the at least one task and at least one parameterfor the task, and generating the dialog response using a secondinteraction mode not adapted to hands-free operation.
 22. The computerprogram product of claim 20, wherein the computer program codeconfigured to cause at least one processor to detect whether or not ahands-free context is active comprises computer program code configuredto cause at least one processor to detect a condition indicating alimitation in at least one selected from the group consisting of: theability of a user to view visual output presented by the computingdevice; the ability of a user to interact with a graphical userinterface presented by the computing device; the ability of a user touse a physical component of the computing device; the ability of a userto perform touch input on the computing device; the ability of a user toactivate a switch on the computing device; and the ability of a user touse a keyboard on the computing device.
 23. The computer program productof claim 20, wherein the computer program code configured to cause anoutput device to prompt a user for input comprises: computer programcode configured to cause an output device to, responsive to detectionthat the device is not in a hands-free context, prompt the user via afirst output mode not adapted to the hands-free context; and computerprogram code configured to cause an output device to, responsive todetection that the device is in a hands-free context, prompt the uservia a second output mode adapted to the hands-free context.
 24. Thecomputer program product of claim 20, wherein the computer program codeconfigured to cause at least one processor to interpret the receiveduser input comprises: computer program code configured to cause at leastone processor to, responsive to detection that the device is in ahands-free context, interpret the received user input using a vocabularyassociated with hands-free operation.
 25. The computer program productof claim 20, wherein the computer program code configured to cause atleast one processor to identify at least one task and at least oneparameter for the task comprises computer program code configured tocause at least one processor to, responsive to detection that the deviceis in a hands-free context, perform at least one task flowidentification step associated with hands-free operation.
 26. Thecomputer program product of claim 20, wherein the computer program codeconfigured to cause at least one processor to generate a dialog responsecomprises computer program code configured to cause at least oneprocessor to, responsive to detection that the device is in a hands-freecontext, generate a dialog response in a speech-based output mode. 27.The computer program product of claim 20, wherein the computer programcode configured to cause at least one processor to detect whether or nota hands-free context is active comprises computer program codeconfigured to cause at least one processor to perform at least oneselected from the group consisting of: receiving user input specifying ahands-free context; receiving data from at least one sensor indicatingan environmental condition associated with a hands-free context;detecting connection of a peripheral device associated with a hands-freecontext; detecting disconnection of a peripheral device not associatedwith a hands-free context; detecting communication with an onboardsystem of a vehicle; detecting current location; and detecting currentspeed.
 28. The computer program product of claim 20, wherein: thecomputer program code configured to cause an output device to prompt theuser comprises computer program code configured to cause an outputdevice to prompt the user via a conversational interface; and thecomputer program code configured to cause at least one processor toreceive user input comprises computer program code configured to causeat least one processor to receive user input via the conversationalinterface.
 29. The computer program product of claim 20, wherein thecomputer program code configured to cause at least one processor toreceive user input comprises: computer program code configured to causeat least one processor to receive spoken input; and the computer programcode configured to cause at least one processor to convert the spokeninput to a text representation.
 30. The computer program product ofclaim 20, wherein the computing device comprises at least one selectedfrom the group consisting of: a telephone; a smartphone; a tabletcomputer; a laptop computer; a personal digital assistant; a desktopcomputer; a kiosk; a consumer electronic device; a consumerentertainment device; a music player; a camera; a television; anelectronic gaming unit; and a set-top box.
 31. A system for interpretinguser input to perform a task on a computing device, comprising: anoutput device, configured to prompt a user for input; an input device,configured to receive user input; at least one processor,communicatively coupled to the output device and to the input device,configured to perform the steps of: detecting whether or not ahands-free context is active; interpreting the received user input toderive a representation of user intent; identifying at least one taskand at least one parameter for the task, based at least in part on thederived representation of user intent; executing the at least one taskusing the at least one parameter, to derive a result; and generating adialog response based on the derived result; and wherein the outputdevice is further configured to output the generated dialog response;and wherein, responsive to detection that the device is in a hands-freecontext, at least one of prompting the user for input, receiving userinput, interpreting the receiving user input, identifying the at leastone task and at least one parameter for the task, and generating thedialog response is performed in a manner consistent with limitationsassociated with the hands-free context.
 32. The system of claim 31,wherein at least two interaction modes are available for userinteraction, and wherein: responsive to detection that the device is ina hands-free context, at least one of prompting the user for input,receiving user input, interpreting the receiving user input, identifyingthe at least one task and at least one parameter for the task, andgenerating the dialog response is performed using a first interactionmode adapted to hands-free operation; and responsive to detection thatthe device is not in a hands-free context, at least one of prompting theuser for input, receiving user input, interpreting the receiving userinput, identifying the at least one task and at least one parameter forthe task, and generating the dialog response is performed using a secondinteraction mode not adapted to hands-free operation.
 33. The system ofclaim 31, wherein the at least one processor is configured to detectwhether or not a hands-free context is active by detecting a conditionindicating a limitation in at least one selected from the groupconsisting of: the ability of a user to view visual output presented bythe output device; the ability of a user to interact with a graphicaluser interface presented by the output device; the ability of a user touse a physical component of the computing device; the ability of a userto perform touch input on the input device; the ability of a user toactivate a switch on the computing device; and the ability of a user touse a keyboard on the computing device.
 34. The system of claim 31,wherein the input device is configured to prompt a user for input by:responsive to detection that the device is not in a hands-free context,prompting the user via a first output mode not adapted to the hands-freecontext; and responsive to detection that the device is in a hands-freecontext, prompting the user via a second output mode adapted to thehands-free context.
 35. The system of claim 34, wherein: the firstoutput mode comprises a visual output mode; and the second output modecomprises an auditory output mode; and wherein the output devicecomprises: a display screen, configured to prompt the user via thevisual output mode; and a speaker, configured to prompt the user via theauditory output mode.
 36. The system of claim 35, wherein: the displayscreen is configured to display a visual prompt; and the speaker isconfigured to output a spoken prompt.
 37. The system of claim 31,wherein, responsive to detection that the device is in a hands-freecontext, the at least one processor is configured to interpret thereceived user input using a vocabulary associated with hands-freeoperation.
 38. The system of claim 31, wherein, responsive to detectionthat the device is in a hands-free context, the at least one processoris configured to identify at least one task and at least one parameterfor the task by performing at least one task flow identification stepassociated with hands-free operation.
 39. The system of claim 31,wherein, responsive to detection that the device is in a hands-freecontext, the at least one processor is configured to generate a dialogresponse in a speech-based output mode.
 40. The system of claim 31,wherein the at least one processor is configure to detect whether or nota hands-free context is active based on at least one selected from thegroup consisting of: user input specifying a hands-free context; datafrom at least one sensor indicating an environmental conditionassociated with a hands-free context; connection of a peripheral deviceassociated with a hands-free context; disconnection of a peripheraldevice not associated with a hands-free context; communication with anonboard system of a vehicle; current location; and current speed. 41.The system of claim 31, wherein: the output device is configured toprompt the user via a conversational interface; and the input device isconfigured to receive user input via the conversational interface. 42.The system of claim 31, wherein: the input device comprises a microphoneconfigured to receive spoken input; and the at least one processor isconfigured to convert the spoken input to a text representation.
 43. Thesystem of claim 31, wherein the computing device comprises at least oneselected from the group consisting of: a telephone; a smartphone; atablet computer; a laptop computer; a personal digital assistant; adesktop computer; a kiosk; a consumer electronic device; a consumerentertainment device; a music player; a camera; a television; anelectronic gaming unit; and a set-top box.